Pancreas and Diabetes Mellitus Flashcards
The exocrine pancreas is made up of ___________ that secrete _________ which drain into the ______________.
Serous glands
Enzymes
Pancreatic Duct
What are some disorders of the exocrine pancreas?
Cystic Fibrosis
Acute Pancreatitis
Pancreatic cancer
Give a brief description of CF:
Autosomal recessive
CFTR gene defect = malfunctioning Cl- channels
Manifests in infancy and early childhood
How does CF affect the pancreas?
- Reduces electrolyte and water secretion from the pancreas and bile ducts.
- This results in thick mucous secretion which blocks ducts.
- Pancreatic ducts become cystically dilated and surrounded with fibrosis
What causes Acute Pancreatitis?
- Pancreatic juices escape the ducts and autodigest the parenchyma of the pancreas.
- It is often due to duct blockages which cause ruptures
- May be due to Acinar cell injury (by viruses, alcohol, drugs etc)
- May be due to faulty transport systems
How does Acute Pancreatitis present?
Abdominal pain
Dramatic drop in BP due to haemorrhage
(It has a high mortality)
How do we treat Acute Pancreatitis?
- Intravenous fluids to maintain BP
- Intravenous nutrition to prevent more secretion from pancreas
- No surgery due to the haemorrhage
What are 2 important diseases of the endocrine pancreas?
Diabetes Mellitus
Tumours of the endocrine pancreas
What is diabetes mellitus?
A term referring to a heterogeneous group of disorders having a common deficiency or resistance to insulin action which results in abnormal metabolism of CHO’s, fats and proteins.
Insulin is secreted by the ___ cells of the ____________________. It’s release is stimulated by ____________________.
β-cells
Islets of Langerhans
Increased blood glucose
Insulin works primarily in the _________, _________ and _____ to encourage cells to _________________.
Muscles, Liver and Fat
Increase glucose absorption
Insulin promotes storage of glucose as ________ in the liver and muscles and storage as ___________ in fat. It also promotes the uptake of _________ into the cells for _________________.
Glycogen
Triglycerides
Amino acids
Protein Synthesis
What happens if their is a deficiency or resistance to insulin?
- Inability to use glucose
- Glucose levels in blood and urine increase
- Diminished protein synthesis
- Breakdown of fat to produce energy resulting in ketone bodies and acidosis
What are the symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus?
Polyuria - osmotic diuresis
Polydipsia - increased thirst
Weight loss without appetite loss
Fatigue
How do we diagnose Diabetes Mellitus?
- Fasting blood sugar is >7.8mmol/L on 2 occasions
- Blood sugar is >11.1mmol/L more than 2 hours after ingestion on 2 occasions
- Glucose in Urine
What are the 2 primary types of Diabetes Mellitus?
Type 1 = Insulin Dependent
Type 2 = Non-Insulin Dependent
Diabetes Mellitus can be secondary to many __________________
Endocrine diseases
Type 1 Diabetes is caused by ___________ or _____________ of the _______ due to ___________________. This means that we get _______ or _______ insulin production
Damage or Destruction
β-cells
Autoimmune disease
Reduced or absent
Diabetic Ketoacidosis develops when we get ______________________. It can lead to _____ and _______. However, it is reversible with ________.
Overproduction of ketone bodies
Coma
Death
Insulin
Type 2 Diabetes is common in ____________. It is caused by ________________.
Obese Adults
Insulin resistance
Ketoacidosis in Type 2 Diabetic is ______. They may experience a ________________ due to fluid loss from cells to the blood due to ___________
Rare
Hyperosmolar coma
Hyperglycaemia
How do we monitor Diabetes?
Blood test
Urine test
Measurement of Glycosylated blood
Metabolic disturbances in diabetes mellitus patients are usually _________. Other complications can arise if diabetes is not ____________________. These complications are due to ____________.
Rare
Controlled sufficiently
Glucotoxicity
The predisposition of diabetes patients for infection in the ________, ____________ and _____________ is due to __________________ and __________________
Skin, Urinary Tract and Muscosal surfaces
Impaired leukocyte function
Reduced blood supply
What are some vascular problems diabetics face?
- Atherosclerosis
- Basement membrane changes and Diabetic microangiopathy
- Hyaline Ateriosclerosis
