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Pathology 2210 > Pancreas and Diabetes Mellitus > Flashcards

Pancreas and Diabetes Mellitus Flashcards

1
Q

The exocrine pancreas is made up of ___________ that secrete _________ which drain into the ______________.

A

Serous glands
Enzymes
Pancreatic Duct

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2
Q

What are some disorders of the exocrine pancreas?

A

Cystic Fibrosis
Acute Pancreatitis
Pancreatic cancer

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3
Q

Give a brief description of CF:

A

Autosomal recessive
CFTR gene defect = malfunctioning Cl- channels
Manifests in infancy and early childhood

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4
Q

How does CF affect the pancreas?

A
  • Reduces electrolyte and water secretion from the pancreas and bile ducts.
  • This results in thick mucous secretion which blocks ducts.
  • Pancreatic ducts become cystically dilated and surrounded with fibrosis
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5
Q

What causes Acute Pancreatitis?

A
  • Pancreatic juices escape the ducts and autodigest the parenchyma of the pancreas.
  • It is often due to duct blockages which cause ruptures
  • May be due to Acinar cell injury (by viruses, alcohol, drugs etc)
  • May be due to faulty transport systems
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6
Q

How does Acute Pancreatitis present?

A

Abdominal pain
Dramatic drop in BP due to haemorrhage
(It has a high mortality)

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7
Q

How do we treat Acute Pancreatitis?

A
  • Intravenous fluids to maintain BP
  • Intravenous nutrition to prevent more secretion from pancreas
  • No surgery due to the haemorrhage
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8
Q

What are 2 important diseases of the endocrine pancreas?

A

Diabetes Mellitus

Tumours of the endocrine pancreas

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9
Q

What is diabetes mellitus?

A

A term referring to a heterogeneous group of disorders having a common deficiency or resistance to insulin action which results in abnormal metabolism of CHO’s, fats and proteins.

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10
Q

Insulin is secreted by the ___ cells of the ____________________. It’s release is stimulated by ____________________.

A

β-cells
Islets of Langerhans
Increased blood glucose

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11
Q

Insulin works primarily in the _________, _________ and _____ to encourage cells to _________________.

A

Muscles, Liver and Fat

Increase glucose absorption

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12
Q

Insulin promotes storage of glucose as ________ in the liver and muscles and storage as ___________ in fat. It also promotes the uptake of _________ into the cells for _________________.

A

Glycogen
Triglycerides
Amino acids
Protein Synthesis

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13
Q

What happens if their is a deficiency or resistance to insulin?

A
  • Inability to use glucose
  • Glucose levels in blood and urine increase
  • Diminished protein synthesis
  • Breakdown of fat to produce energy resulting in ketone bodies and acidosis
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14
Q

What are the symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus?

A

Polyuria - osmotic diuresis
Polydipsia - increased thirst
Weight loss without appetite loss
Fatigue

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15
Q

How do we diagnose Diabetes Mellitus?

A
  • Fasting blood sugar is >7.8mmol/L on 2 occasions
  • Blood sugar is >11.1mmol/L more than 2 hours after ingestion on 2 occasions
  • Glucose in Urine
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16
Q

What are the 2 primary types of Diabetes Mellitus?

A

Type 1 = Insulin Dependent

Type 2 = Non-Insulin Dependent

17
Q

Diabetes Mellitus can be secondary to many __________________

A

Endocrine diseases

18
Q

Type 1 Diabetes is caused by ___________ or _____________ of the _______ due to ___________________. This means that we get _______ or _______ insulin production

A

Damage or Destruction
β-cells
Autoimmune disease
Reduced or absent

19
Q

Diabetic Ketoacidosis develops when we get ______________________. It can lead to _____ and _______. However, it is reversible with ________.

A

Overproduction of ketone bodies
Coma
Death
Insulin

20
Q

Type 2 Diabetes is common in ____________. It is caused by ________________.

A

Obese Adults

Insulin resistance

21
Q

Ketoacidosis in Type 2 Diabetic is ______. They may experience a ________________ due to fluid loss from cells to the blood due to ___________

A

Rare
Hyperosmolar coma
Hyperglycaemia

22
Q

How do we monitor Diabetes?

A

Blood test
Urine test
Measurement of Glycosylated blood

23
Q

Metabolic disturbances in diabetes mellitus patients are usually _________. Other complications can arise if diabetes is not ____________________. These complications are due to ____________.

A

Rare
Controlled sufficiently
Glucotoxicity

24
Q

The predisposition of diabetes patients for infection in the ________, ____________ and _____________ is due to __________________ and __________________

A

Skin, Urinary Tract and Muscosal surfaces
Impaired leukocyte function
Reduced blood supply

25
Q

What are some vascular problems diabetics face?

A
  • Atherosclerosis
  • Basement membrane changes and Diabetic microangiopathy
  • Hyaline Ateriosclerosis

Pathology 2210 (20 decks)

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