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Pathology 2210 > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

The right AV valve is called the ______

A

Tricuspid

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2
Q

The left AV valve is called the ______

A

Mitral

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3
Q

The right Semi-lunar valve is called the ______

A

Pulmonary valve

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4
Q

The left Semi-lunar valve is called the ______

A

Aortic valve

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5
Q

Pressure in the right is ___ of the left side. This is because _________________________________

A

1/6

It doesn’t have to pump as far as the left side

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6
Q

The right muscle wall is about ___cm thick and the left muscle wall is about ______cm thick.

A
  1. 5cm

1. 3-1.5cm

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7
Q

Cardiac muscle cells are joint by __________ so action potentials can move in a ____ and _____ manner

A

Gap junctions

Fast and smooth

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8
Q

What are the 3 coronary arteries?

A

LAD - Left Anterior Descending
RCA -Right Coronary Artery
Circumflex

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9
Q

What part of the heart does the LAD supply?

A

The front, anterior of interventricular septum

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10
Q

What part of the heart does the RCA supply?

A

Posterioer of the interventricular septum and right side

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11
Q

What part of the heart does the Circumflex supply?

A

Left side

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12
Q

Hibernating Myocardium refers to _____________________

A

Chronic Cardiac Ischaemia

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13
Q

Myocardial Scarring refers to _______________________________________

A

Fibrosis after tissue injury and necrosis

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14
Q

Stunned Myocardium refers to ______________________________________________

A

Poor myocardial function despite revascularisation

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15
Q

Congenital heart disease is caused by ____________________________________

A

Faulty embryogenesis during the 3rd to 8th week

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16
Q

Terminal branches of coronary arteries can be connected by __________

A

Anastomoses

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17
Q

If a coronary vessel is blocked there may be sufficient flow through ____________ to supply the heart muscle. This is called _________________

A

Anastomoses

Collateral Circulation

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18
Q

The SA node is located where the ________ joins the __________. It is connected to the AV node, which is located _______________________________, via ____________.

A

Vena Cava
Right atrium
Posteriorly in the lower part of the atrial septum
Internodal tracts

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19
Q

The depolarisation rate of the SA node is influenced by the ____. The _________ increase heart rate, the ____________ decrease heart rate

A

ANS
Sympathetics
Parasympathetics

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20
Q

____________ regulate the rate of blood flow by varying the degree of ________

A

Peripheral arterioles

Vasoconstriction

21
Q

Why does BP not drop to 0 during diastole but gradually decrease?

A

Resistance offered by the capillaries maintains the pressure

22
Q

What is Atrial Fibrilliation (AF)?

A

A common arrythmia caused by the inability of the atria to contract smoothly

23
Q

What are the risk factors for AF?

A

Old age
CVS disease
Chronic Pulmonary Disease
Hyperthyroidism

24
Q

AF starts as a single focus that evolves into ________________ of depolarisation at a ___ impulse/minute. The ___ node is unable to respond to all the stimuli so ____________________ which causes the ______ to contract at _______ times a minute

A 
Multiple areas 
400 impulse/min
AV
Only a few impulse result in ventricular contraction
140-160
25
Q

The diagnosis of AF is made by noting the ________ of ________ in the ECG, this indicates that ________________________

A

Absence of P-waves

Atria are not contracting properly

26
Q

How do we treat AF?

A
  • Slow the heart rate to give the ventricles more time to passively fill
  • Medications usually impede the transmission of impulses through the AV node
  • Restore normal rhythm by applying an electric shock (Electrical Cardioversion)
  • Use of drugs that terminate arrhythmia
27
Q

Summarise Right-Left Shunts:

A
  • Blood from the right side goes to the left side
  • Decrease in O2 levels this causes bluish skin colour (Cyanosis)
  • Fingertips and toes become swollen
  • Associated with Tetralogy of Fallot
28
Q

Summarise Left-Right Shunts:

A
  • Blood from the left goes to the right
  • No effect on O2 levels
  • Associated with Pulmonary Hypertension, Hypertrophy of the right ventricle and Ventricular-septal defects
29
Q

Summarise Tetralogy of Fallot:

A
  • Aorta is elargned, Pulmonary Artery is Narrowed (Pulmonary Stenosis)
  • Ventricular Spetal defect results in right-left shunt
  • Right ventricular hypertrophy due to the pulmonary stenosis
30
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of Valvular Heart Disease:

A
  1. Infection by β-streptrococcal, Inflammation and Degeneration cause valve damage
  2. Scarring of the leaflets (Fibrosis, thickening and calcification
  3. Obstruction and abnormal diversion of flow
  4. Valvular stenosis (narrowing) and incompetence (causes leakage)
  5. We get hypertrophy or congestion
31
Q

What is rheumatic fever?

A

A complication of β Haemolytic streptrococcal infection.

32
Q

Which valves are affected by Rheumatic fever most often?

A

Mitral is most common
Aortic is next
Tricuspid is after the aortic
Pulmonary is least common

33
Q

What are the clinical features of Rheumatic fever?

A 
Murmurs caused by turbulent flow
Heart Failure
Polyarthritis
Chorea
Subcutaneous Nodules
34
Q

How do with treat rheumatic fever?

A

Ten years of monthly penicillin injections
Corticosteroids to suppress immune reactions
Valve replacement

35
Q

What are the 3 types of valve replacements?

A 
Bioprosthetic = valve comes from animaland is coated with a chemical to prevent rejection
Biologic = valves come from donors 
Mechanical = Synthetic material, anticogulation drugs must be taken to avoid clots
36
Q

What is Mitral prolapse?

A
  • Most common heart problem
  • Mitral valves and chordae tendinae become thickened and enlarged
  • Leaflets can sag uni or bi laterally
37
Q

What are the symptomes of mitral prolapse?

A
  • Usually asymptomatic
  • Palpitations
  • Chest pain
  • Difficulty breathing after exertion
  • Fatigue
  • Cough
  • shortness of breath while lying down
38
Q

What is heart failure?

A

Failure to pump adequate amounts of blood, can be acute or chronic

39
Q

What is forward (systolic) Heart failure?

A

Inability of the heart to pump blood at a sufficient rate to meet the bodies oxygen demands

40
Q

What is backwards (diastolic) heart failure?

A

Inability of the heart to pump blood at a sufficient rate to meet the bodies oxygen demands ONLY WHEN FILLING PRESSURES ARE ABNORMALLY HIGH

41
Q

What is Congestive heart failure?

A

Fluid in the lungs or body resulting from inadequate pumping from the heart and high heart filling and venous pressures

42
Q

What are the symtoms of heart failure?

A 
Swollen legs and ankles
Angina
Shortness of breath
Fatigue
Loss of appetite 
Weight gain or loss
43
Q

How do we manage heart failure?

A 
Smoking 
Nutrition
Alcohol
Physical Activity
Sleep

Beta Blockers
ACE inhibitors
Diuretics like frusemide

44
Q

Describe the Pathogenesis of Coronary Artery Disease

A
  1. LDL deposition
  2. Damage to the endothelium
  3. Plaque formation (Can be stable if fibrosis is good or unstable if fibrosis is bad)
  4. Cholesterol crystals form and we get debris
  5. Fibrosis and calcification
  6. we can get thrombus formation and deep layer injury
45
Q

What are the risk factors for Coronary Artery Disease?

A 
Smoking
Nutrition
Alcohol
Physical Activity
Sleep
Obesity and Diabetes 
General ones like age, family history etc
46
Q

What is Angina Pectoris?

A
  • Transient mocardial ischemia not severe enough to cause permanent damage
  • Chest pain radiates towards the neck, arms and shoulder
  • Stable angina can be treated with nitroglycerin
47
Q

What are the symptoms of a Myocardial Infarction?

A
  • Severe Chest Pain
  • Sweating
  • Nausea and Vomiting
  • Unstable Angina
  • Shortness of breath

Can have no symptoms

48
Q

What is myocardial infarction?

A

Necrosis of the heart tissue caused by sudden blockage, haemorrhage or spasm of an coronary artery or a sudden increase in O2 demand that can’t be met

Pathology 2210 (20 decks)

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