Common Disease of the GI tract Flashcards
What are the 4 layers of the GI tract?
Mucosal layer
Muscularis Mucosa
Sub-mucosa
Muscular layer
The mucosal layer is made of ____________, _____ are separated by _______ tissue called the ___________
Glandular tissue
Glands
Connective tissue called the Lamina Propria
The muscularis mucosa is a thin layer of _____________ that separates the ________ and __________
Smooth Muscle
Mucosa and Sub-mucosa
What are the general symptoms of GI disease?
- Pain
- Nausea and vomiting
- Malabsorption
- Loss of appetite
- Weight loss
- Diarrhoea
- Constipation
The oesophagus is a _________ tube with ______ at either end. It’s normally lined by _______________________. It’s function is to _________ food to the stomach.
Muscular tube
Sphincters
Stratified squamous epithelium
Transport
What are the main diseases affecting the oesophagus?
- Reflux Oesophagitis = Failure of the lower sphincter
- Tears in the muscosal lining = bleeding
- Dysphagia = Difficulty swallowing due to obstruction
If the cardiac sphincter is not functional, Oesophageal mucosa becomes _________ and _________ by the _________.
Irritated
Inflamed
Stomach acid
If the oesophageal mucosa becomes inflamed it may undergo _________ and become _____________. If _______ cells are present in this tissue we call it Barret’s Oesphagus
Metaplasia
Glandular tissue
Goblet cells
Barret’s oesophagus leads to an increased risk of ________ and therefore _______.
Dysplasia
Cancer
How can we treat Oesophageal inflammation?
- Modify posture
- Take antacids
- Proton Pump Inhibitor drugs
- Change diet
What are 2 types of malignant Oesophageal cancers?
- Most commonly Squamous Cell Cancer (SCC)
- Adenocarcinoma usually in lower end and associated with reflux
What causes Oesophageal obstruction?
- Cancers
- Stricture - scarring due to inflammation or corrosives
- Food impactation - large, poorly chewed food
Carcinomas of the oesophagus accounts for __% of GI cancers. It is most common in __________. They are releated to _______, _______ and _________.
6%
Men over 50
Smoking, Alcohol and Oesophagitis
Carcinomas of the oesophagus cause _______________ of the oesophagus. It have a ____ prognosis due to ________________.
Progressive Obstruction
Poor
Frequent Metastasis
Oesophageal carcinomas often spread to the ______ causing a _________________.
Trachea
Tracheo-oesophageal fistula
What are the most important diseases of the stomach?
- Gastritis (Acute and Chronic)
- Peptic Ulcer
- Tumours (Benign and Malignant)
Peptic ulcers are ___________ that occur in places of ____________ digestion. _____________ are often involved in the pathogenesis
Chronic ulcers
Acid-pepsin digestion
Helicobacter Pylori
Peptic ulcers are associated with ________, _______ and ____ like _______ and _______.
Hyper-acidity, Smoking and Drugs
NSAIDs and steroids
Peptic ulcers present as _____ that is releived by _______ or ______.
Pain
Food or Antacids
What complications are associated with Peptic Ulcers?
- Haemorrhage
- Perforation - can cause peritonitis
- Scarring - can cause outlet obstruction
How do we treat Peptic Ulcers?
- Eradicate Helicobacter Pylori
- Drugs to neutralise or decrease acid secretion
- Surgery although this is rare
______________ of the stomach is the most common gastric malignancy. It is related to ________, _________, ______________ and ______
Adenocarcinoma Smoking Helicobacter Pylori Autoimmune gastritis Diet
Adenocarcinomas of the stomach have a _____ prognosis this is because ______________________________
Poor
It spreads very quickly to Lymphnodes, liver and peritoneum
The most common GI tract inflammatory disorder is ________________ it is usually caused by __________
Acute Appendicitis
Obstruction
Acute appendicitis usually presents as:
Periumbillical pain Malaise Anorexia Nausea Vomiting
Pain then localises to the right illiac fossa
What complications can arise from Acute appendicitis?
Rupture
Peritonitis
Liver Abscess
How do we treat Acute appendicitis?
Surgery - Appendicectomy
Diverticular disease aka Diverticulosis is __________ in areas of bowel __________. It occurs mainly where ________________.
Outpouchings
Weakness
Vessels come in
Diverticular disease aka Diverticulosis is an __________ disease related to ______, _________ which causes increase __________.
Acquired
Refined, Low-fibre diet
Intraluminal pressure
Diverticular disease is often _________ but can be associated with ________ and __________. It may be complicated by _________, _________ and ________
Asymptomatic
Cramping and Constipation
Scarring, Perforation and bleeding
How do we treat Diverticular disease?
With a high fibre diet
___% of intestinal obstruction are due to mechaical abnormalities and ______% due to tumours and infarction
80%
10-15%
Symptoms of intestinal obstruction depend on:
- Site of obstruction
- Completeness of obstruction
- If the blood supply is impaired
What are the 4 main causes of mechanical intestinal obstructions:
- Herniation - Bulging out of muscle wall
- Adhesions - can cause kinking
- Intussusception - portion of bowel protrudes into another piece
- Volvus - ties around itself
What is a Hernia?
A protrusion of bowel through a small opening usually in the abdominal wall
Hernias may be _________ (Pushed back in), __________ or _________ (Blood supply is compromised)
Reducible
Incarcerated
Strangulated
What is Intussusception?
Telescoping of one segment of the bowel into an adjacent segment
Tumours of the bowel are usually _________. _________ tumours are most common in the rectum and sigmoid colon. Symptoms are related to ________ and _________
Benign
Malignant
Obstruction
Blood loss
