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Pathology 2210 > Common Disease of the GI tract > Flashcards

Common Disease of the GI tract Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 layers of the GI tract?

A

Mucosal layer
Muscularis Mucosa
Sub-mucosa
Muscular layer

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2
Q

The mucosal layer is made of ____________, _____ are separated by _______ tissue called the ___________

A

Glandular tissue
Glands
Connective tissue called the Lamina Propria

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3
Q

The muscularis mucosa is a thin layer of _____________ that separates the ________ and __________

A

Smooth Muscle

Mucosa and Sub-mucosa

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4
Q

What are the general symptoms of GI disease?

A
  • Pain
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Malabsorption
  • Loss of appetite
  • Weight loss
  • Diarrhoea
  • Constipation
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5
Q

The oesophagus is a _________ tube with ______ at either end. It’s normally lined by _______________________. It’s function is to _________ food to the stomach.

A

Muscular tube
Sphincters
Stratified squamous epithelium
Transport

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6
Q

What are the main diseases affecting the oesophagus?

A
  • Reflux Oesophagitis = Failure of the lower sphincter
  • Tears in the muscosal lining = bleeding
  • Dysphagia = Difficulty swallowing due to obstruction
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7
Q

If the cardiac sphincter is not functional, Oesophageal mucosa becomes _________ and _________ by the _________.

A

Irritated
Inflamed
Stomach acid

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8
Q

If the oesophageal mucosa becomes inflamed it may undergo _________ and become _____________. If _______ cells are present in this tissue we call it Barret’s Oesphagus

A

Metaplasia
Glandular tissue
Goblet cells

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9
Q

Barret’s oesophagus leads to an increased risk of ________ and therefore _______.

A

Dysplasia

Cancer

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10
Q

How can we treat Oesophageal inflammation?

A
  • Modify posture
  • Take antacids
  • Proton Pump Inhibitor drugs
  • Change diet
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11
Q

What are 2 types of malignant Oesophageal cancers?

A
  • Most commonly Squamous Cell Cancer (SCC)

- Adenocarcinoma usually in lower end and associated with reflux

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12
Q

What causes Oesophageal obstruction?

A
  • Cancers
  • Stricture - scarring due to inflammation or corrosives
  • Food impactation - large, poorly chewed food
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13
Q

Carcinomas of the oesophagus accounts for __% of GI cancers. It is most common in __________. They are releated to _______, _______ and _________.

A

6%
Men over 50
Smoking, Alcohol and Oesophagitis

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14
Q

Carcinomas of the oesophagus cause _______________ of the oesophagus. It have a ____ prognosis due to ________________.

A

Progressive Obstruction
Poor
Frequent Metastasis

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15
Q

Oesophageal carcinomas often spread to the ______ causing a _________________.

A

Trachea

Tracheo-oesophageal fistula

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16
Q

What are the most important diseases of the stomach?

A
  • Gastritis (Acute and Chronic)
  • Peptic Ulcer
  • Tumours (Benign and Malignant)
17
Q

Peptic ulcers are ___________ that occur in places of ____________ digestion. _____________ are often involved in the pathogenesis

A

Chronic ulcers
Acid-pepsin digestion
Helicobacter Pylori

18
Q

Peptic ulcers are associated with ________, _______ and ____ like _______ and _______.

A

Hyper-acidity, Smoking and Drugs

NSAIDs and steroids

19
Q

Peptic ulcers present as _____ that is releived by _______ or ______.

A

Pain

Food or Antacids

20
Q

What complications are associated with Peptic Ulcers?

A
  • Haemorrhage
  • Perforation - can cause peritonitis
  • Scarring - can cause outlet obstruction
21
Q

How do we treat Peptic Ulcers?

A
  • Eradicate Helicobacter Pylori
  • Drugs to neutralise or decrease acid secretion
  • Surgery although this is rare
22
Q

______________ of the stomach is the most common gastric malignancy. It is related to ________, _________, ______________ and ______

A 
Adenocarcinoma
Smoking
Helicobacter Pylori
Autoimmune gastritis
Diet
23
Q

Adenocarcinomas of the stomach have a _____ prognosis this is because ______________________________

A

Poor

It spreads very quickly to Lymphnodes, liver and peritoneum

24
Q

The most common GI tract inflammatory disorder is ________________ it is usually caused by __________

A

Acute Appendicitis

Obstruction

25
Q

Acute appendicitis usually presents as:

A 
Periumbillical pain
Malaise
Anorexia
Nausea
Vomiting

Pain then localises to the right illiac fossa

26
Q

What complications can arise from Acute appendicitis?

A

Rupture
Peritonitis
Liver Abscess

27
Q

How do we treat Acute appendicitis?

A

Surgery - Appendicectomy

28
Q

Diverticular disease aka Diverticulosis is __________ in areas of bowel __________. It occurs mainly where ________________.

A

Outpouchings
Weakness
Vessels come in

29
Q

Diverticular disease aka Diverticulosis is an __________ disease related to ______, _________ which causes increase __________.

A

Acquired
Refined, Low-fibre diet
Intraluminal pressure

30
Q

Diverticular disease is often _________ but can be associated with ________ and __________. It may be complicated by _________, _________ and ________

A

Asymptomatic
Cramping and Constipation
Scarring, Perforation and bleeding

31
Q

How do we treat Diverticular disease?

A

With a high fibre diet

32
Q

___% of intestinal obstruction are due to mechaical abnormalities and ______% due to tumours and infarction

A

80%

10-15%

33
Q

Symptoms of intestinal obstruction depend on:

A
  • Site of obstruction
  • Completeness of obstruction
  • If the blood supply is impaired
34
Q

What are the 4 main causes of mechanical intestinal obstructions:

A
  • Herniation - Bulging out of muscle wall
  • Adhesions - can cause kinking
  • Intussusception - portion of bowel protrudes into another piece
  • Volvus - ties around itself
35
Q

What is a Hernia?

A

A protrusion of bowel through a small opening usually in the abdominal wall

36
Q

Hernias may be _________ (Pushed back in), __________ or _________ (Blood supply is compromised)

A

Reducible
Incarcerated
Strangulated

37
Q

What is Intussusception?

A

Telescoping of one segment of the bowel into an adjacent segment

38
Q

Tumours of the bowel are usually _________. _________ tumours are most common in the rectum and sigmoid colon. Symptoms are related to ________ and _________

A

Benign
Malignant
Obstruction
Blood loss

Pathology 2210 (20 decks)

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