Inflammation and Repair

Question 1

What are the signs of Inflammation?

Answer 1

Heat (Calor)
Redness (Rubor)
Swelling (Tumour)
Pain (Dolor)
Loss of Function (Sometimes)

Question 2

What are the causes of acute inflammation?

Answer 2

Infections and Microbial Toxins
Trauma
Physical and Chemical agents (Burns, Frostbite, environmental chemicals)
Tissue Necrosis
Foreign Bodies (Splinters)
Immune Reactions (Specifically Allergic reactions)

Question 3

What are the steps required for inflammation?

Answer 3

Initiating event
A response
Down-regulation of the response once finished

Question 4

Some bacteria express _______, ___ viruses express it

Answer 4

Mannose, no viruses express it

Question 5

Explain the process of phagocytosis:

Answer 5

1. Foreign body is recognised and bound to receptors on the phagocyte
2. Foreign body is engulf by the cell membrane
3. Membrane containing the foreign body pinches off and becomes a phagosome
4. Lysosome fuses with phagosome, forming a phagolysosome
5. Foreign body is destroyed

Question 6

Leukocytes are generally _________, and require _________

Answer 6

Indiscriminate, activation

Question 7

Explain the process by which leukocytes move towards the area in need of an inflammatory response:

Answer 7

1. Macrophages/Mast cells release a chemokine that induces an immune response
2. When these reach the blood vessels they stimulate the epithelial cells to express molecules which can bind tot leukocytes
3. Leukocytes move across the blood vessel wall
4. Leukocytes then move towards the area of greatest concentration of the chemokine

Question 8

Cell-derived mediators are _________ mediators that come from __________________. They act ________ and are activated when __________.

Answer 8

Inflammatory, cells in circulation

Act alone, activated when secreted

Question 9

Plasma-derived mediators are _________ mediators that come from ______ in the _________. They act ________ and require _________.

Answer 9

Inflammatory, cells in the liver

In cascades and require activation

Question 10

Purulent inflammation is inflammation that produces a large amount of ____. This is causes by ________ bacteria.

Answer 10

Pus

Pyogenic bacteria

Question 11

What is pus made of?

Answer 11

Pyogenic bacteria, nectroic cells

Question 12

What are abscesses?

Answer 12

A collection of purulent inflammation in a confined space or deep within tissue

Question 13

Fibrinous inflammation is inflammation that occurs when _______ leak out of the blood vessel and affect _____

Answer 13

Proteins

Repair

Question 14

Explain how fibrinous inflammation occurs:

Answer 14

1. Fibrinogen enters the tissue and is cleaved to form fibrin
2. If not broken down and removed during resolution can lead to scarring

Question 15

Serous inflammation is inflammation that is caused by _______________ entering into the tissues

Answer 15

Fluid from the blood

Question 16

Ulcerous inflammation causes ___________ in tissue surfaces due to _________________________.

Answer 16

Excavation

Shedding of necrotic tissue

Question 17

How do we resolve (cease) the inflammatory response?

Answer 17

1. Return blood vessels to their normal permeability
2. Drain excess fluid and proteins into the lymph and pinocytosis by macrophages
3. Phagocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils and debris
4. Disposal of macrophages

Question 18

Give a brief overview of the healing process:

Answer 18

1. Inflammation removes dead and damaged tissue
2. Entry and proliferation of CT and parenchymal cells
3. Angiogenesis
4. Synthesis of Extracellular matrix
5. Tissue remodels
6. Wound contracts
7. Wound is strengthened

Question 19

Give an overview of scar formation:

Answer 19

1. Macrophages release growth factors that attract fibroblasts that will form granulation tissue
2. Fibroblasts start to lay down new extracellular matrix (Collagen synthesis occurs 3-5 days after injury)
3. Granulation tissue becomes scar
4. Vessels regress turning the scar pale