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Pathology 2210 > Leukocytes > Flashcards

Leukocytes Flashcards

1
Q

Leukocytes are derived from ___________________

A

A common Hameopoietic Stem Cell

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2
Q

Haemopoeitic stem cells are _________ and are __________

A

Pluripotent

Self-renewing

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3
Q

When HSCs divide one cell becomes ___________________ and the other becomes ____________

A

Becomes dedicated to a particular lineage

Quiescent

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4
Q

Lineage commitment is dependent on _________, ________, _________ and ___________________.

A

Cytokines
Hormones
Epigenetics
Other signally molecules

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5
Q

Give 3 examples of lineage-commitment specific cytokines

A 
EPO = Erythropoietin commits cells to the erythroid lineage
G-CSF = Commits cells to the granulocyte lineage
TPO = Thrombopoietin commits cells to the Megakaryocyte lineage
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6
Q

The process of lineage commitment and maturation can be __________ at any point

A

Disrupted

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7
Q

Early precursor cells are usually found ___________________ and maturing forms are found ___________________

A

Adjacent to Trabecular bone

Deeper in the marrow space

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8
Q

What is the composition of Bone marrow haematopoietic regions?

A

60% Granulopoiesis
25% Erythropoiesis
15% Lymphocyte

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9
Q

Neutrophils comprise ___ to ___ of WBC count. They develop from _________ in the _________

A

40-70%
Myeloblasts
Bone Marrow

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10
Q

Neutrophils are characterised by:

A
  • 3-5 nuclear segments
  • Cytoplasmic granules (Primary and Secondary)
  • 9-15um in diameter
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11
Q

Primary granules are made during the ___________ stage, an important granule component is ___________________.

A

Promyelocyte stage

Myeloperoxidase MPO

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12
Q

Secondary granules are made during the _________ stage

A

Myelocyte stage

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13
Q

Neutrophils generally leave the circulation by following ____________ this is called ________. To do this they have to ___________________.

A

Chemical signals
Chemotaxis
Rearrange their cytoskeleton

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14
Q

For efficient phagocytosis targets need to be __________ with __________ or ____________. These are recognised by ________________.

A

Opsonised (Coated)
Immunglobulin (Ig) or Complement protein
Cell-surface receptors

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15
Q

During phagocytosis temporary __________ called _______ encircle the particle before ingestion

A

Cell projections

Pseudopods

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16
Q

What are the 2 pathways used to destroy pathogens?

A

Fusion with the primary or secondary granules

Generation of reactive oxygen species

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17
Q

Neutrophils can abnormalities in _________________ or ________________. This may increase the risk of ____________.

A

Granule development
Intracellular killing
Infection

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18
Q

Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) are composed of _________________ studded with __________________. They allow pathogens to be killed ___________, however this results in _________.

A

Smooth Filaments
Granule components
Extracellularly
NETosis

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19
Q

What is NETosis?

A

A unique form of cell death caused by the use of NETs b neutrophils. It is due to the progressive loss of intracellular membranes which causes the cell membrane to rupture.

20
Q

How are NETs formed and what induces this?

A

Generated through ejection of intracellular components, it can be induced by:

  • Infection
  • Reactive Oxygen Species
  • Antibodies and Antibody-Antigen Complexes
  • Activated by platelets
21
Q

What is Neutrophilia?

A

Increased Neutrophil count 10-50 x 10^9 per L

  • There is increased granulation and Dohle bodies and cytoplasmic vacuoles are present
  • Nucleus lobes maybe also appear as one, “left shift” neutrophils
22
Q

What causes Neutrophilia?

A
  • Infection
  • Acute Inflammation
  • Stress
  • Pregnancy
  • Trauma
  • Steroid and cytokines
23
Q

What is Neutropenia?

A

Decreased Neutrophil count can be classed as
Mild = 1-1.9 x 10^9 per L
Moderate = 0.5-0.9 x 10^9 per L
Severe =

24
Q

What is the normal range for Neutrophil count?

A

2-8 x 10^9 per L

25
Q

What causes Neutropenia?

A
  • Infection
  • Drugs/Chemo
  • Autoimmune disease
  • Presence of Anti-granulocyte antibodies aka Immune neutropenia
  • Some Haematological disorders
26
Q

Eosinophils are characterised by:

A
  • 2-3 nuclear lobes
  • Granule filled cytoplasm, usually more densely packed than neutrophils
  • 12-17um in diameter
27
Q

Eosinophils are _________ at killing bacteria than neutrophils. They bind to ____ and ____ coated _________. They are capable of developing _____ and are also involved in _______________.

A 
Slower
IgG and C-3 coated
Parasites
NETs
Allergic Reaction
28
Q

Eosinophilia is often caused by _________, __________ and _________________.

A

Allergies
Medication
Parasite Infection

29
Q

Basophils are characterised by:

A
  • 2 nuclear segments
  • Large round cytoplasmic granules that overlie the nucleus
  • 12um in diameter
30
Q

Basophils play a role in ______________ and the response to _________. They have receptors for ___, ___, ___, _________ and __________.

A

Allergic Reactions
Parasites
IgG, IgE, C5a, Histamine and Chemokines

31
Q

Basophils release _________ on activation.

A

Histamine

32
Q

Basophilia is very ________. It occurs _________________________.

A

Rare

Only in malignancies like Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia (CML)

33
Q

Monocytes are characterised by:

A
  • Horseshoe shaped nucleus
  • Faint blue-grey cytoplasm
  • Cytoplasmic Vacuoles
  • 15-30um in diameter
34
Q

Monocytes are __________ but they cannot be seen clearly on the microscope. They contain _________, ________, ____ and _________

A 
Granular
Enzymes
Lysozyme
MPO
Coagulation system proteins
35
Q

Monocytes are able to respond to _________________ in order to move. When they enter the tissues they can form ___________. These cells are capable of _______________ and can release chemicals that can ________ or _________ immune response

A 
Chemical Signals
Macrophages
Antigen Presentation
Increase
Decrease
36
Q

What is Monocytosis?

A

An increase in the number of Monocytes

37
Q

Monocytosis is associated with ________ and ________. Rarely we see persistent Monocytosis, this is usually due to _________________________.

A

Infection
Inflammation
Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukaemia

38
Q

Lymphocytes are characterised by:

A
  • Round and slightly indented nuclei
  • Mature Chromatin
  • Scant blue cytoplasm
  • 7-12 um diameter
39
Q

Give a brief summary of B-cells:

A
  • Mature in the bone marrow and lymph nodes
  • 5-25% of the lymphocytes in blood are B-cells
  • Produce antibodies
  • Undergo genetic changes to optimise receptor binding
40
Q

Give a brief summary of T-cells:

A
  • Mature in the thymus
  • 70-85% of the lymphocytes in the blood are T-cells
  • They are involved in cell-mediated immunity
  • Can act as APCs or cytotoxic cells
41
Q

Give a brief summary of NK cells:

A

-

42
Q

Large Granular Lymphocytes are characterised by:

A
  • Larger size
  • More voluminous blue cytoplasm
  • Contain Azurophilic granules
43
Q

Large Granular Lymphocytes are commonly _____ and occasionally ______

A

NK cells and occasionally T-cells

44
Q

Lymphocytosis is an increase in ______________. It is commonly seen in _____________, __________ and __________

A

Lymphocyte count
Viral Infection
Seizures
Hypoxia

45
Q

Malignant Lymphocytosis is common in ____________. It can be from the _ or _ cell lineage but is commonly from the _ lineage. It ______ be identified based on morphology

A

Older people
B or T
B lineage
Cannot

46
Q

Plasma cells are end stage _____ that can produce _____________. They are ______ found in the blood

A

B cells
Immunoglobulins
Rarely

47
Q

Plasma cells are characterised by:

A
  • Eccentric nucleus
  • Perinuclear hofs
  • Intensely basophilic cytoplasm

Pathology 2210 (20 decks)

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