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Pathology 2210 > Development of the Immune System > Flashcards

Development of the Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

HSC progenitors are formed in the ______ and _________. They eventually migrate the the ___________ and _______.

A

Yolk Sac and Foetal Liver
Bone Marrow
Thymus

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2
Q

HSC colonise the foetal thymus by week __

A

8

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3
Q

Foetal Development of Immunity is done by about _______________________

A

Halfway through gestation

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4
Q

When do monocytes start to appear in circulation?

A

When HSCs start to seed to liver

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5
Q

What happens to Monocytes as Gestational Age Increase?

A

They increase in number and gain improved expression of phagocytic Fc receptors which results in enhanced phagocytic and antigen presentation capacity

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6
Q

Foetal monocytes are _____ functional than adult monocytes and so the foetus is _____ susceptible to infection

A

Less

More

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7
Q

What happens to neutrophil levels after 31 weeks of gestation?

A

Before 31 weeks levels are scarce, they then increase exponentially in numbers possibly to help protect the child from harmful pathogens as it is exposed to the world

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8
Q

A reserve neutrophil storage pool exists in the ______________, ________ and _______.

A

Bone Marrow
Liver
Spleen

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9
Q

Neonatal neutrophil function is __________

A

Impaired

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10
Q

The ability of neutrophils to migrate is ________ in pre-term infants. This means they are _____ susceptible to infection.

A

Delayed

More

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11
Q

The levels of dendritic cells _________ with age and _______ by 5 years old.

A

Increase

Double

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12
Q

Children with delayed dendritic cell maturation have higher frequency of ____________________________.

A

Lower respiratory tract infections

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13
Q

NK levels vary _________ with gestational. While NK cell levels are ______, they have _________ cytotoxicity and _________ functionality.

A

Proportionally
High
Decreased
Different

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14
Q

Complement factors are produced in the __________. Compared with adults they have a lower ___________ and __________ complement activation

A

Foetal liver
Qualitative
Quantitative

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15
Q

T-cell levels are _____ at birth and ________ during the first year. Their functionality is _____ due to decreased production of ____. T-cell levels ________ until they reach normal levels at __________.

A 
High at birth
Increase
Low
IL-2 (Interleukin 2)
Decrease
School age
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16
Q

B-cell levels are _____ at birth and ________ initially and then they _______ until they become adult levels over the first years.

A

High
Increase
Decrease

17
Q

____ is the most common antibody at birthday because _____________________.

A

IgM

Class switching is a rare event

18
Q

Infants get their ___ levels from their mother through the ________ and _________. They can protect the baby for up to ________.

A

IgG
Placenta and breast milk
6 months

19
Q

Transplacental transport of ___ occurs via neonatal FC receptors on placental ______________________.

A

IgG

Syncytiotrophoblasts

20
Q

The proliferative capacity of HSCs ________ with age. We get a shift towards making ____________. This is associated with changes to the ______.

A

Decreases
Myeloid Progenitors
DNA

21
Q

What changes occur to the skin as we age?

A
  • Decreased skin cell replacement
  • Decreased sweat production
  • Depletion of Langherhans cells and Melanocytes
  • Dermal and subcutaneous atrophy
22
Q

How do dendritic cells change with aging?

A
  • Not many changes in healthy ageing, however;
  • Langerhans cells levels decrease
  • Reduced ability to respond to pathogens
23
Q

The _______ in NK cell levels as we age is to counteract the ________ in functionality

A

Increase

Decrease

24
Q

Neutrophils levels are __________ affected with increasing age. They have an ________ ability to phagocytose.

A

Not greatly

Decreased

25
Q

The number of macrophages _________ in the elderly. Their ability to produced cytokines is _________.

A

Decrease

Decreased

26
Q

Naive B-cell numbers ________ with age and their ability to respond to new antigens ________.

A

Decrease

Decreases

27
Q

The absolute number of T-cells ________ with age this is due to _______________

A

Decreases

Thymic involution

Pathology 2210 (20 decks)

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