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Pathology 2210 > Intro to Immunology > Flashcards

Intro to Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What is Immunity?

A

The capacity to distinguish foreign from self

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2
Q

What makes up the haematopoietic system?

A

Organs involved in the production of blood:

Spleen, Bone Marrow, Lymph Nodes

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3
Q

What is the immune system?

A

A system of organs and processes that protect the organism from disease

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4
Q

What is the lymphatic system?

A

A network of lymph vessels and nodes involved in antigen capture and transport

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5
Q

What does a mast cell do and where is it found

A

Mast cells dilate blood vessels and induces in the inflammatory response by histamine. It also Attracts macrophages and neutrophils.

It is found in the connective tissue and mucous membranes

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6
Q

What does a macrophage and where is it found?

A

Consumes foreign and pathogenic material

It is found in the blood vessels but can migrate to tissues

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7
Q

What does an NK cell do and where is it found?

A

It kills tumour cells and cells infected with viruses

Circulates in the blood but can migrate to tissues

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8
Q

What does a dendritic cell do and where is it found?

A

Present antigens to trigger an immune response

Present in epithelial tissue, migrates to the lymph nodes after activation

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9
Q

What does a neutrophil do?

A

The first responder at a site of infection or trauma, it is the most abundant phagocytotic cell type

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10
Q

What does a basophil do?

A

Defends against parasites, uses histamines to cause inflammation (may cause allergic reactions)

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11
Q

What does an Eosinophil do?

A

Defends against bacteria and parasites by using toxins, but also causes tissue damage

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12
Q

What is an immune response?

A

A reaction to something that appears foreign or harmful

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13
Q

What happens when Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRR) are engaged by Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)?

A

Intracellular pathways are stimulated causing the secretion of inflammatory modifiers

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14
Q

What are PRRs?

A

Pattern Recognition Receptors, the are innate immune receptors

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15
Q

How does phagocytosis occur?

A
  1. Microbe binds to PRR which activates phagocytosis
  2. Membrane internalizes the microbe causing a vacuole known as a phagosome to form
  3. Lysosome containing enzymes fuses with phagosome to form Phagolysosome
  4. Microbe is digested
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16
Q

All nucleated cells have MHC class____

A

1

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17
Q

Dendritic cells, B-cells and mononuclear Phagocytes have MHC class____

A

2

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18
Q

CD8+ (Cytotoxic) T-cells respond to MHC class____

A

1

19
Q

CD4+ (Helper) T-cells respond to MHC class____

A

2

20
Q

What is an immune response?

A

A reaction to something that appears foreign or harmful

21
Q

What is a Kupfer cell?

A

A type of macrophage found in the liver

22
Q

What is an osteoclast?

A

A type of macrophage found in the bone

23
Q

What is a Microglia?

A

A type of macrophage found in the brain

24
Q

What is a Mesangial cell?

A

A type of macrophage found in the kidney

25
Q

How are antigens presented?

A

The microbe is processed and antigenic peptide fragments are presented on cell surface bound MHC molecules

26
Q

What are DAMPs?

A

Damage-Associated Molecular Pattern responses

Some innate receptors can be activated by damage to the cell

27
Q

What is opsonisation?

A

The process by which a foreign cell is made more susceptible to phagocytosis.

Antibodies coat the foreign cell making it easier to eat

28
Q

What is a Phagosome?

A

A vacuole formed by the internalisation of the cell membrane bound foreign particle

29
Q

What is a Lysosome?

A

A membrane bound packet of lytic enzymes (Lysozymes)

30
Q

What are Lysozymes?

A

A lytic enzyme, it is the major secretory component of macrophages

31
Q

What is a Pagolysosome?

A

A sac created by the fusion of a Phagosome and Lysosome in which microbes are killed and digested

32
Q

In the MHC class 1 pathway what happens?

A
  1. Virus infects a cell
  2. Cell uses proteases to digest the virus’ products (viral cytosolic proteins)
  3. Cell displays the cytosolic proteins on it’s MHC I molecule
  4. CD8+ cytotoxic T-cell recognises this and kills the cell
33
Q

In the MHC class 2 pathway what happens?

A
  1. Bacteria is phagocytosed
  2. Bacteria is destroyed in Phagolysosome
  3. Proteins from the bacteria are present on MHC II molecule
  4. CD4+ (Helper) T-cell comes and initiates a B-cell response
34
Q

Viruses create an __________ source of antigen and therefore they are involved in the MHC class __ pathway

A

Intracellular source

2

35
Q

Bacteria create an __________ source of antigen and therefore they are involved in the MHC class __ pathway

A

Extracellular source

1

36
Q

Myeloid cells are involved in the ________ response

A

Innate

37
Q

Lymphocytes are involved in the ________ response

A

Adaptive

38
Q

What are the 4 features of cross-talk between the innate and adaptive cells?

A

Opsonisation of the cells invading
Complement binding
Presentation of antigens
Help - Helper T-cell help needed to create antibodies

39
Q

The binding of ______ to an antigen increases it’s ability to iniate a ________________________

A

Complement

Strong and lasting B-Cell response

40
Q

What is immunodeficiency?

A

Deficits or defects in the immune system resulting in the inability to respond.
Can be genetic (Primary) or due to medications/nutrition (Secondary)

41
Q

What is hypersensitivity?

A

Overreaction or out of proportion reaction to damage caused by a pathogen or a reaction to a harmless antigen such as food or pollen

42
Q

What is autoimmunity?

A

Immune reaction to self antigens

43
Q

What is immunosupression?

A

The reduction in activation or the ability to produce a desired response of the immune system

Pathology 2210 (20 decks)

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