pancreas, adrenal, testis, ovaries

Question 1

what are the 2 anatomical and fuctional parts of the pancreas that make it distinct

Answer 1

1. The endocrine pancreas manufactures hormones:
   - Insulin is secreted into the blood in response to islet of Langerhans cells
   detecting increased blood glucose
2. The exocrine pancreas manufactures enzymes & secretes them via a duct
   system into the duodenum

Question 2

describe diabetes type 1 and 2

Answer 2

1 - failure to produce insulin
2 - target cells fail to respond to insulin

Question 3

where is the retroperitoneum

Answer 3

overlying L1/L2 vertebra
posterior to the stomach.
anterior to aorta and inferior vena cava between duodenum and spleen

Question 4

describe the arterial blood supply and the venous blood supply to the pancreas

Answer 4

arterial blood supply from coeliac trunk and superior mesenteric artery

venous blood supply drains into both splenic vein, superior mesenteric vein then into portal vein

Question 5

where are the adrenal glands

Answer 5

retroperitoneal, superior to kidneys and separated by a fascial septum.

Question 6

what are the 2 anatomical and functional parts of the adrenal glands that secrete hormones

Answer 6

1. Adrenal Cortex
   * Glucocorticoids (under pituitary control)
   * Mineralocorticoids
   * Androgens
2. Adrenal Medulla
   * Adrenaline
   * Noradrenaline

Question 7

what is the fight or flight response

Answer 7

• fear or serious illness or injury
• symapathetic nervous system
• the bodys organs and arterioles react in a self preservation manner
• the reaction includes stimulation of the adrenal medulla to secrete adrenaline and noradrenaline into the bloodstream

Question 8

where is the testes located

Answer 8

in the scrotum of male perineum

Question 9

where does the arterial supply (testicular artery) come from

Answer 9

the abdominal aorta

Question 10

what do testes secrete and when

Answer 10

testosterone in response to luteinising hormone from the anterior pituitary

Question 11

what does testosterone control

Answer 11

male secondary sex characteristics
closure of epiphyseal growth plaates
stimulates sperm production

Question 12

where does the ovaries lie

Answer 12

in the pelvic cavity

Question 13

what do ovaries secrete and when

Answer 13

oestrogen and progesterone in response to follicular stimulating hormone and luteinising hormone from the corpus luteum

Question 14

what does progesterone do

Answer 14

prepares the uterus for pregnancy

Question 15

what does oestrogen control

Answer 15

female sex charcteristics
ovum development

Question 15

describe the blood supply of the gonads

Answer 15

the gonadal arteries
venous drainage - right gonad into the IVC and left gonad into the left renal vein