cardiovascular system Flashcards
where is the thorax
between the neck and above the abdomen
what are the 2 parts of the thorax and what are their functions
chest walls -
protects heart and lungs
makes the movement of breathing
breast tissue allows lactation
chest cavity-
within the chest walls
contains vital organs (viscera)
contain major vessels and nerves
describe the adult vertebral column
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral - fuse to form 1 sacrum
4 coccygeal - fused to form 1 coccyx
VERTIBRA - what is a function of the vertebral body
weight bearing
VERTIBRA- what does the pedical
bone that connects the body infront to the arch behind
VERTIBRA - what does the lamina do
connecting bone between the processes
VERTEBRA - what do transverse process do (either side)
ligament, muscle attatchment and rib articulations
VERTEBRA - what do spinous processes do
ligament and muscle attachment
VERTEBRA - What do the inferior and superior articular processes do
mobility with the adjacent vertebrae via synovial
VERTEBRA - what is the role of the vertebral arch and what does it consist of
protects the spinal cord
2 x pedicle
2 x lamina
VERTEBRA - what is the role of the vertebral foramen
transmits and protects the spinal cord
RIBS - what is meant by typical ribs
they look the same and have the same anatomical features
ribs 3-9
RIBS -what is meant by atypical ribs
they do not look the same and have the same anatomical features
ribs 1,2,10-12
RIBS - describe the structure of the rib
head with 2 facets
neck
tubercle - lump of bone
body/shaft
angle - where it bends
RIBS - describe the inside of the ribs
costal groove - inferiorly on deep surface for the intercostal vessels and nerve.
what makes the rib atypical
its short, broadest, most sharply curved
its least likely to fracture
what is the scalene tubercle on the atypical rib 1
attachment of the scalenus anterior muscle
why does atypical rib have grooves
for subclavian vein and artery
describe the joints in the chest wall that have limited movement
the costal cartilages are joined
the sternum by the sternocostal joint
ribs by the costochondral joint
describe the joints on the sternum
sternoclavicular joint - joins sternum to the clavical
sternocostal joint - articulation with costal cartilage of rib 1
describe the sternum
- manubrium
- sternal angle - located at rib 2
- costal notches - articulation with costal cartilage and costal margin
- body
- xiphoid process - used as landmark in cpr
describe the layers of the chest wall - anterior
skin
superficial fascia - used for insulation
deep fascia - fibrous, tough, thin - used for protection
muscle - pectoral major
- deltoid
delto-pectoral groove
how do we seperate the pectoral major and the deltoid
the delto-pectoral groove
what is in the delto-pectoral groove and what is its function
catholic vein - takes venous blood from upper limb towards vein in neck
describe the lateral view of the chest
latissimus dorsi
serratus anterior - anchors the scapula to the ribs
long thoracic nerve - supplies serratus anterior
what happens if the thoracic nerve is damaged
paralysis of the serratus anterior
what is underneath the pectoralis major
pectoralis minor
serratus anterior
intercostal muscles
what are intercostal muscles
they sit between the ribs
3 layers involved in moving the chest wall during respiration by pulling ribs close together
what is the intercostal neurovascular supply
it contains a vein, artery and nerve
it carries sensation to the spinal cord
it carries motor innervation to the intercostal muscles
what is thoracocentsis
sampling fluid from pleural cavity vie an intercostal space below intercostal nvb and above collateral intercostal nvb
LUNGS - describe the lung development of an embryo
“balloon” - walls = pleura
- inside - pleaura cavity
the lung will grow into the balloon (not inside, pushes against and displacing the pleura)
LUNGS - what is parietal pleura
parietal - wall
the pleura thats incontact with chest wall
LUNGS - what is visceral pleura
visceral - organ
the pleura that’s incontact with developing lung
LUNGS - describe the developmetn of the adult lung
the visceral pleura will grow and stick to the parietal pleura by the cavity with pleural fluid causing surface tension
LUNG - what does the surface tension of the lungs allow
any time the chest wall moves, it pulls the chest with it
where is the costodiaphragmatic recess
base of the pleura cavity
describe the lateral structure of the right and left lung
right- superior lobe, inferior lobe and middle lobe
- obblique fissure - seperate the s and i
- horizontal fissue - seperates s and m
left - superior lobe, inferior lobe, lingual (extends from superior lobe)
where do the arteries and veins enter and exit the lungs and what are the arteries and veine
the Hilum - root of lung
main bronchus, pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins x2
what is inside the hilum
RIGHT -
posterior - bronchus
superior - pulmonary artery
aneterior/inferior - pulmonary veins
pulmonary lymph nodes
what is the primary muscle of respiration
the diaphram
what is the role of the phrenic nerve
supply motor and sensory fibres to the skeletal muscles of the diaphram
where is the phrenic nerve found
in the neck on the anterior surface of the scalenus anterior muscle
in chest descending over the lateral asoects of the heart
what nerves are classed as phrenic nerves
C3,4 and 5 keep the diaphram alive
describe inspiration mechanics (breathing in)
- diaphram contracts and descends - increasing verticle chest dimensions
- intercostal muscles contract elevating ribs – increases A-P and lateral chest dimensions
- the chest walls pulls lungs outwards with them (pleura) - airflows into lungs
describe expiration mechanics (breathing out)
- diaphram relaxes and rises - decreases verticle thoracic dimensions
- intercostal muscles relax, lowering ribs - decreases A-P and lateral chest dimensions
- elastic tissue of lungs recoils - air flows out of lungs
what muscles are involved in forced inspirations - excersixe, high altitude
pectoralis major
pectoralis minor
sternocleidomastoid (in neck)
scalene muscles (in neck)
what muscles are involved in forced experation
rectus abdominus
- diaphram relaxes
what is pneumothorax
how does it occur
what is the effect of it
air in the pleural cavity
injury to chest wall allows aiir entry into pleural cavity via tear in parietal pleura
vacuum lost and lung collapses due to elastic recoil or lung tissue may rupture causing release of air into pleura cavity vie tear in visceral pleura
what is the difference between the left and right bronchus
right is wider, shorter, more vertical
forreign objects are more likely to be inhaled into right lung
where does the trachea bifurcate
at the sternal angle
what is the mediastinum and how is it split
the area between the lungs
above the sternal angle - superior and below the sternal angle - anterior, middle, posterior
what is the pericardium and where is it situated
bag(sac) surrounding the heart
middle mediastinum
what are the 2 layers of the pericardium and their characteristics
outer layer - fibrous pericardium
tough, thick, protective, prevents overfilling
deep layer - serous layer
membranous, glistening, secretes serous fluid, reflects back into itself
what happens if their is bleeding in the paricardius cavity
increased pressure can prevent cardiac contraction (cardiac tamponade)
describe the development of the heart and pericardium
balloon- the heart pushes into pericardium and displaces the pericardium to shape around it
then the visceral serous pericardium comes into contact with parietal serous pericardium and gap becomes very small with a small amount of pericardiuos fluid
HEART - what is visceral serous pericardium
what is parietal serous pericardium
covers the heart - in direct contact with heart
lines fibrous pericardium - in direct contact with wall
describe the layers of the heart wall
external- epicardium (visceral serous pericardium)
middle - myocardium (muscle layer)
internal - endocardium ( continuous with endothelium of blood vessels connecting with heart)
what does the right and left auricle on the heart do
allows maximum filling of the atriums
what does myocardial infarction mean (MI)
irriversible death (necrosis) of teh part of the heart muscle (myocardium) due to a blockage of its arterial blood supply
it can be anteroir or inferior MI
how is the myocardium supplied with oxygenated blood
how is deoxygenated blood removed
via the right and left coronary arteries which arise from the ascending aorta
via surface veins which drain to coronary sinus
what blood goes through the right side?
left side?
what divides them
venous blood from systemic circulation to pulonary circulation
arterial blood from pulonary circulation to systemic circulation
septum
what are the 4 valves in the heart
tricuspid valve - between right atrium and right ventricle
pulonary valve - between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
mintral (bicuspid) valve - between left atrium and left ventricle
aortic valve - between left ventricle and aorta
what is the role of the conducting system
controls spread of electrical excitation over myocardium enabling coordinated beating of chambers
describe the conducting system pathway
electrical activity beggins at SAN
then spreads across atria to AV node
then passes down through av bundles of his
to the right and left bundle branches in septum
to purkinje fibres in walls of ventricles
then contraction of ventricles occurs
