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module 1: anatomy > cardiovascular system > Flashcards

cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

where is the thorax

A

between the neck and above the abdomen

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2
Q

what are the 2 parts of the thorax and what are their functions

A

chest walls -
protects heart and lungs
makes the movement of breathing
breast tissue allows lactation

chest cavity-
within the chest walls
contains vital organs (viscera)
contain major vessels and nerves

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3
Q

describe the adult vertebral column

A

7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral - fuse to form 1 sacrum
4 coccygeal - fused to form 1 coccyx

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4
Q

VERTIBRA - what is a function of the vertebral body

A

weight bearing

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5
Q

VERTIBRA- what does the pedical

A

bone that connects the body infront to the arch behind

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6
Q

VERTIBRA - what does the lamina do

A

connecting bone between the processes

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7
Q

VERTEBRA - what do transverse process do (either side)

A

ligament, muscle attatchment and rib articulations

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8
Q

VERTEBRA - what do spinous processes do

A

ligament and muscle attachment

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9
Q

VERTEBRA - What do the inferior and superior articular processes do

A

mobility with the adjacent vertebrae via synovial

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10
Q

VERTEBRA - what is the role of the vertebral arch and what does it consist of

A

protects the spinal cord

2 x pedicle
2 x lamina

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11
Q

VERTEBRA - what is the role of the vertebral foramen

A

transmits and protects the spinal cord

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12
Q

RIBS - what is meant by typical ribs

A

they look the same and have the same anatomical features

ribs 3-9

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13
Q

RIBS -what is meant by atypical ribs

A

they do not look the same and have the same anatomical features

ribs 1,2,10-12

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14
Q

RIBS - describe the structure of the rib

A

head with 2 facets
neck
tubercle - lump of bone
body/shaft
angle - where it bends

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15
Q

RIBS - describe the inside of the ribs

A

costal groove - inferiorly on deep surface for the intercostal vessels and nerve.

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16
Q

what makes the rib atypical

A

its short, broadest, most sharply curved
its least likely to fracture

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17
Q

what is the scalene tubercle on the atypical rib 1

A

attachment of the scalenus anterior muscle

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18
Q

why does atypical rib have grooves

A

for subclavian vein and artery

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19
Q

describe the joints in the chest wall that have limited movement

A

the costal cartilages are joined
the sternum by the sternocostal joint
ribs by the costochondral joint

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20
Q

describe the joints on the sternum

A

sternoclavicular joint - joins sternum to the clavical

sternocostal joint - articulation with costal cartilage of rib 1

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21
Q

describe the sternum

A
  • manubrium
  • sternal angle - located at rib 2
  • costal notches - articulation with costal cartilage and costal margin
  • body
  • xiphoid process - used as landmark in cpr
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22
Q

describe the layers of the chest wall - anterior

A

skin
superficial fascia - used for insulation
deep fascia - fibrous, tough, thin - used for protection
muscle - pectoral major
- deltoid
delto-pectoral groove

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23
Q

how do we seperate the pectoral major and the deltoid

A

the delto-pectoral groove

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24
Q

what is in the delto-pectoral groove and what is its function

A

catholic vein - takes venous blood from upper limb towards vein in neck

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25
Q

describe the lateral view of the chest

A

latissimus dorsi
serratus anterior - anchors the scapula to the ribs
long thoracic nerve - supplies serratus anterior

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26
Q

what happens if the thoracic nerve is damaged

A

paralysis of the serratus anterior

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27
Q

what is underneath the pectoralis major

A

pectoralis minor
serratus anterior
intercostal muscles

28
Q

what are intercostal muscles

A

they sit between the ribs
3 layers involved in moving the chest wall during respiration by pulling ribs close together

29
Q

what is the intercostal neurovascular supply

A

it contains a vein, artery and nerve

it carries sensation to the spinal cord
it carries motor innervation to the intercostal muscles

30
Q

what is thoracocentsis

A

sampling fluid from pleural cavity vie an intercostal space below intercostal nvb and above collateral intercostal nvb

31
Q

LUNGS - describe the lung development of an embryo

A

“balloon” - walls = pleura
- inside - pleaura cavity

the lung will grow into the balloon (not inside, pushes against and displacing the pleura)

32
Q

LUNGS - what is parietal pleura

A

parietal - wall
the pleura thats incontact with chest wall

33
Q

LUNGS - what is visceral pleura

A

visceral - organ
the pleura that’s incontact with developing lung

34
Q

LUNGS - describe the developmetn of the adult lung

A

the visceral pleura will grow and stick to the parietal pleura by the cavity with pleural fluid causing surface tension

35
Q

LUNG - what does the surface tension of the lungs allow

A

any time the chest wall moves, it pulls the chest with it

36
Q

where is the costodiaphragmatic recess

A

base of the pleura cavity

37
Q

describe the lateral structure of the right and left lung

A

right- superior lobe, inferior lobe and middle lobe
- obblique fissure - seperate the s and i
- horizontal fissue - seperates s and m

left - superior lobe, inferior lobe, lingual (extends from superior lobe)

38
Q

where do the arteries and veins enter and exit the lungs and what are the arteries and veine

A

the Hilum - root of lung

main bronchus, pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins x2

39
Q

what is inside the hilum

A

RIGHT -
posterior - bronchus
superior - pulmonary artery
aneterior/inferior - pulmonary veins
pulmonary lymph nodes

40
Q

what is the primary muscle of respiration

A

the diaphram

41
Q

what is the role of the phrenic nerve

A

supply motor and sensory fibres to the skeletal muscles of the diaphram

42
Q

where is the phrenic nerve found

A

in the neck on the anterior surface of the scalenus anterior muscle

in chest descending over the lateral asoects of the heart

43
Q

what nerves are classed as phrenic nerves

A

C3,4 and 5 keep the diaphram alive

44
Q

describe inspiration mechanics (breathing in)

A
  1. diaphram contracts and descends - increasing verticle chest dimensions
  2. intercostal muscles contract elevating ribs – increases A-P and lateral chest dimensions
  3. the chest walls pulls lungs outwards with them (pleura) - airflows into lungs
45
Q

describe expiration mechanics (breathing out)

A
  1. diaphram relaxes and rises - decreases verticle thoracic dimensions
  2. intercostal muscles relax, lowering ribs - decreases A-P and lateral chest dimensions
  3. elastic tissue of lungs recoils - air flows out of lungs
46
Q

what muscles are involved in forced inspirations - excersixe, high altitude

A

pectoralis major
pectoralis minor
sternocleidomastoid (in neck)
scalene muscles (in neck)

47
Q

what muscles are involved in forced experation

A

rectus abdominus
- diaphram relaxes

48
Q

what is pneumothorax
how does it occur
what is the effect of it

A

air in the pleural cavity

injury to chest wall allows aiir entry into pleural cavity via tear in parietal pleura

vacuum lost and lung collapses due to elastic recoil or lung tissue may rupture causing release of air into pleura cavity vie tear in visceral pleura

49
Q

what is the difference between the left and right bronchus

A

right is wider, shorter, more vertical

forreign objects are more likely to be inhaled into right lung

50
Q

where does the trachea bifurcate

A

at the sternal angle

51
Q

what is the mediastinum and how is it split

A

the area between the lungs

above the sternal angle - superior and below the sternal angle - anterior, middle, posterior

52
Q

what is the pericardium and where is it situated

A

bag(sac) surrounding the heart
middle mediastinum

53
Q

what are the 2 layers of the pericardium and their characteristics

A

outer layer - fibrous pericardium
tough, thick, protective, prevents overfilling

deep layer - serous layer
membranous, glistening, secretes serous fluid, reflects back into itself

54
Q

what happens if their is bleeding in the paricardius cavity

A

increased pressure can prevent cardiac contraction (cardiac tamponade)

55
Q

describe the development of the heart and pericardium

A

balloon- the heart pushes into pericardium and displaces the pericardium to shape around it

then the visceral serous pericardium comes into contact with parietal serous pericardium and gap becomes very small with a small amount of pericardiuos fluid

56
Q

HEART - what is visceral serous pericardium

what is parietal serous pericardium

A

covers the heart - in direct contact with heart

lines fibrous pericardium - in direct contact with wall

57
Q

describe the layers of the heart wall

A

external- epicardium (visceral serous pericardium)

middle - myocardium (muscle layer)

internal - endocardium ( continuous with endothelium of blood vessels connecting with heart)

58
Q

what does the right and left auricle on the heart do

A

allows maximum filling of the atriums

59
Q

what does myocardial infarction mean (MI)

A

irriversible death (necrosis) of teh part of the heart muscle (myocardium) due to a blockage of its arterial blood supply

it can be anteroir or inferior MI

60
Q

how is the myocardium supplied with oxygenated blood

how is deoxygenated blood removed

A

via the right and left coronary arteries which arise from the ascending aorta

via surface veins which drain to coronary sinus

61
Q

what blood goes through the right side?

left side?

what divides them

A

venous blood from systemic circulation to pulonary circulation

arterial blood from pulonary circulation to systemic circulation

septum

62
Q

what are the 4 valves in the heart

A

tricuspid valve - between right atrium and right ventricle

pulonary valve - between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

mintral (bicuspid) valve - between left atrium and left ventricle

aortic valve - between left ventricle and aorta

63
Q

what is the role of the conducting system

A

controls spread of electrical excitation over myocardium enabling coordinated beating of chambers

64
Q

describe the conducting system pathway

A

electrical activity beggins at SAN
then spreads across atria to AV node
then passes down through av bundles of his
to the right and left bundle branches in septum
to purkinje fibres in walls of ventricles

then contraction of ventricles occurs

65
Q
A

module 1: anatomy (11 decks)

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