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anatomy > locomotion > Flashcards

locomotion Flashcards

1
Q

what is the functions of the bones

A

structural support
calcium store
haematopoiesis
protection

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2
Q

joints functions

A

facilitate movement
allows growth
stability

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3
Q

muscle functions

A

generate movement and heat

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4
Q

describe the structure of the bone

A

outer cortex - compact cortical bone

inner medulla - spongy trabecular/cancellous bone

medulla - may contain bone marrow (site of red and white blood cell production)

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5
Q

what is the periosteum

A

fibrous vascularised connective tissue sleave around the bone that is well innervated

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6
Q

where do the nutrient vessels carry blood to and from the bone

A

medullary cavity

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7
Q

what is endochondral ossification

A

process in which an initial small hyaline cartilage version grows and turns into bone (ossifies)

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8
Q

describe the structure of the bone

A

end
- epiphysis
- epiphyseal growth plate
- metaphysis

middle
-diaphysis

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9
Q

when does bone growth cease

A

when growth plate of hyaline cartilage finally ossifies

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10
Q

what are the 5 classifications of bone

A

flat bone - protective
long bone - tubular
irregular bone - strange shape
sesamoid bone - within some tendons
short bones - cuboidal

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11
Q

what is apart of the axial skeleton

A

skull
spine
sternum
ribs

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12
Q

what is apart of the appendicular skeleton

A

pectoral girdle
upper limbs
pelvic girdle
lower limbs

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13
Q

what is the bones called on top from the superior to ears

A

bones of cranial vault

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14
Q

what is the bones called lower from the superior to ears

A

bones of facial skeleton

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15
Q

why do the bones in the adult vertebral column get larger then smaller are you go down

A

to bear more weight then become smaller once weight has been transferred to hip bones

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16
Q

what is the function of the adult vertebral column

A

support head and trunk when upright
protect the spinal cord and nerves
allows movement of head on neck and trunk

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17
Q

what is the curvatures on the vertebral column called

A

cervical lordosis
thoracic kyphosis
lumbar lordosis
sacral kyphosis

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18
Q

what makes the c1, c2 and c7 cervical vertebrae different from the rest

A

c1 - atlas
does not have a spinous process or body but a posterior arch and an anterior arch

c2 - axis
has an odontoid process
it also projects superiorly from body

c7
vertebrae prominems, first palpable spinous process in 70% of people

19
Q

where is the intervertebral foramen and what is found in it

A

between adjacent vertebrae

spinal nerves

20
Q

where is the facet joint found and what can affect it

A

between articular processes of adjacent vertebrae

arthritis

21
Q

where can you find intervertebral discs and what are its features

A

between the bodies of the adjacent vertebrae

it has a strong attachment and can herniate

22
Q

where does the spinal cord run through and where does it end

A

the vertebral canal and ends at L2

23
Q

what do the spinal nerves supply

A

the soma (body wall)

24
Q

where are the spinal nerves located

A

only within the intervertebral foramina and they connect with structures of soma via rami and spinal cords via roots and rootlets

25
Q

what bones are in the pectoral girdle

A

2 scapulae, 2 clavicles

26
Q

what bones are in the pelvic girdle

A

2 hip bones and the sacrum

27
Q

what are the 3 types of muscle and what are examples

A

cardiac muscle - heart

smooth muscle - kidneys, stomach, lungs

skeletal muscle - biceps

28
Q

how do you extend and flex

A

nerves conduct an action potential which reaches a muscle fibre and stimulates contraction

29
Q

what is skeletal muscle composed of

A

muscle fascicle composed of muscle fibres composed of myofibrils composed of myofilaments

30
Q

why do skeletal muscles look striped

A

due to overlapping actin and myosin

31
Q

what are the types of shapes of skeletal muscles

A

circular e.g orbicularis oculi
fusiform e.g biceps brachii
pennate e.g deltoid
flat with aponeurosis e.g external oblique
quadrate e.g rectus abdominus

32
Q

what usually attaches muscle to bone

A

tendon

33
Q

where are skeletal muscles usually found in comparison to deep fascia

A

deep

34
Q

what is deep fascia

A

tough fibrous connective tissue

35
Q

what muscles are involved in protective reflexes of coughing, sneexing, gagging, swallowing and vommiting

A

the skeletal muscles of the proximal respiratory/alimentary tracts

36
Q

what muscles control micturition and defecation

A

skeletal muscles

37
Q

what are the different types of joints and what happens in relation to mobility and stability

A

fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial

each has a different comprise profile

38
Q

what are the 3 types of firbous joints

A

Syndesmoses
- Unites bones with fibrous sheet
- has a Fibrous membrane
- e.g. interosseous membranes
- Partially movable

Sutures
- Between bones of skull
- e.g. coronal suture
- Highly stable

Gomphosis
- Dentoalveolar syndesmosis
- Very little movement
- Periodontal ligament

39
Q

what is the fibrous joint like in terms of mobility and stability

A

generally limited mobility
quite stable

40
Q

what is the Cartilaginous Joint like in terms of mobility and stability

A

fairly limited mobility
relatively stable

41
Q

what are the types of Cartilaginous Joint

A

Primary cartilaginous
- synchondroses
- bones joined by hyaline cartilage
- e.g. long bone epiphyseal growth plate
- permit growth in length of bone
- ossification and fusion

Secondary cartilaginous
- symphyses
- strong
- slightly movable
- fibrocartilage
- e.g. intervertebral discs

Both types can ‘slip’
- primary – slipped femoral epiphysis
- secondary – slipped disc

42
Q

what are the types of synovial joints

A

pivot e.g atlantic-axial joint
ball and socket e.g hip joint
condyloid e.g metacarpophalangeal joint
saddle e.g carpometacarpal joint
hinge e.g elbow joint
plane e.g acromioclavicular joint

43
Q

what are the features of hte

A

Ligaments
- Attach bone to bone
- Stand alone or thicken
areas of the capsule

Synovial fluid
- Produced by synovial
membrane
- Reduces friction
- Shock absorber

Articular disc or Meniscus
- Fibrocartilage
- Joint support
- Shock absorber
- Not in every joint

anatomy (11 decks)

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