locomotion Flashcards
what is the functions of the bones
structural support
calcium store
haematopoiesis
protection
joints functions
facilitate movement
allows growth
stability
muscle functions
generate movement and heat
describe the structure of the bone
outer cortex - compact cortical bone
inner medulla - spongy trabecular/cancellous bone
medulla - may contain bone marrow (site of red and white blood cell production)
what is the periosteum
fibrous vascularised connective tissue sleave around the bone that is well innervated
where do the nutrient vessels carry blood to and from the bone
medullary cavity
what is endochondral ossification
process in which an initial small hyaline cartilage version grows and turns into bone (ossifies)
describe the structure of the bone
end
- epiphysis
- epiphyseal growth plate
- metaphysis
middle
-diaphysis
when does bone growth cease
when growth plate of hyaline cartilage finally ossifies
what are the 5 classifications of bone
flat bone - protective
long bone - tubular
irregular bone - strange shape
sesamoid bone - within some tendons
short bones - cuboidal
what is apart of the axial skeleton
skull
spine
sternum
ribs
what is apart of the appendicular skeleton
pectoral girdle
upper limbs
pelvic girdle
lower limbs
what is the bones called on top from the superior to ears
bones of cranial vault
what is the bones called lower from the superior to ears
bones of facial skeleton
why do the bones in the adult vertebral column get larger then smaller are you go down
to bear more weight then become smaller once weight has been transferred to hip bones
what is the function of the adult vertebral column
support head and trunk when upright
protect the spinal cord and nerves
allows movement of head on neck and trunk
what is the curvatures on the vertebral column called
cervical lordosis
thoracic kyphosis
lumbar lordosis
sacral kyphosis
what makes the c1, c2 and c7 cervical vertebrae different from the rest
c1 - atlas
does not have a spinous process or body but a posterior arch and an anterior arch
c2 - axis
has an odontoid process
it also projects superiorly from body
c7
vertebrae prominems, first palpable spinous process in 70% of people
where is the intervertebral foramen and what is found in it
between adjacent vertebrae
spinal nerves
where is the facet joint found and what can affect it
between articular processes of adjacent vertebrae
arthritis
where can you find intervertebral discs and what are its features
between the bodies of the adjacent vertebrae
it has a strong attachment and can herniate
where does the spinal cord run through and where does it end
the vertebral canal and ends at L2
what do the spinal nerves supply
the soma (body wall)
where are the spinal nerves located
only within the intervertebral foramina and they connect with structures of soma via rami and spinal cords via roots and rootlets
what bones are in the pectoral girdle
2 scapulae, 2 clavicles
what bones are in the pelvic girdle
2 hip bones and the sacrum
what are the 3 types of muscle and what are examples
cardiac muscle - heart
smooth muscle - kidneys, stomach, lungs
skeletal muscle - biceps
how do you extend and flex
nerves conduct an action potential which reaches a muscle fibre and stimulates contraction
what is skeletal muscle composed of
muscle fascicle composed of muscle fibres composed of myofibrils composed of myofilaments
why do skeletal muscles look striped
due to overlapping actin and myosin
what are the types of shapes of skeletal muscles
circular e.g orbicularis oculi
fusiform e.g biceps brachii
pennate e.g deltoid
flat with aponeurosis e.g external oblique
quadrate e.g rectus abdominus
what usually attaches muscle to bone
tendon
where are skeletal muscles usually found in comparison to deep fascia
deep
what is deep fascia
tough fibrous connective tissue
what muscles are involved in protective reflexes of coughing, sneexing, gagging, swallowing and vommiting
the skeletal muscles of the proximal respiratory/alimentary tracts
what muscles control micturition and defecation
skeletal muscles
what are the different types of joints and what happens in relation to mobility and stability
fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial
each has a different comprise profile
what are the 3 types of firbous joints
Syndesmoses
- Unites bones with fibrous sheet
- has a Fibrous membrane
- e.g. interosseous membranes
- Partially movable
Sutures
- Between bones of skull
- e.g. coronal suture
- Highly stable
Gomphosis
- Dentoalveolar syndesmosis
- Very little movement
- Periodontal ligament
what is the fibrous joint like in terms of mobility and stability
generally limited mobility
quite stable
what is the Cartilaginous Joint like in terms of mobility and stability
fairly limited mobility
relatively stable
what are the types of Cartilaginous Joint
Primary cartilaginous
- synchondroses
- bones joined by hyaline cartilage
- e.g. long bone epiphyseal growth plate
- permit growth in length of bone
- ossification and fusion
Secondary cartilaginous
- symphyses
- strong
- slightly movable
- fibrocartilage
- e.g. intervertebral discs
Both types can ‘slip’
- primary – slipped femoral epiphysis
- secondary – slipped disc
what are the types of synovial joints
pivot e.g atlantic-axial joint
ball and socket e.g hip joint
condyloid e.g metacarpophalangeal joint
saddle e.g carpometacarpal joint
hinge e.g elbow joint
plane e.g acromioclavicular joint
what are the features of hte
Ligaments
- Attach bone to bone
- Stand alone or thicken
areas of the capsule
Synovial fluid
- Produced by synovial
membrane
- Reduces friction
- Shock absorber
Articular disc or Meniscus
- Fibrocartilage
- Joint support
- Shock absorber
- Not in every joint
