nervous system

Question 1

what is in the central nervous system

Answer 1

brain and spinal chord

Question 2

what is in the peripheral nervous system

Answer 2

all the other nerves tissues not in the CNS

spinal nerves - 31 pairs connect with spinal chord

cranial nerves - 12 pairs connect with brain

autonomic nerves - organs, smooth muscles, glands, visceral afferents, sympathetic nerves, parasympathetic nerves

Question 3

what functions allow a single nerve fibre (axon) to conduct action potentials

Answer 3

1. somatic sensory function
   (tells spinal cord/brain about pain on body wall)
2. somatic motor function
   (tells skeletal muscle to contract)
3. special sensory function
   (tells brain about special sensation- taste, smell, sight, sounds, balance)
4. visceral afferent function
   (tells spinal cord/brain about pain from organ)
5. sympathetic function
   (tells cardiac/smooth muscle to contract or gland to secrete)
6. parasympathetic function
   (tells cardiac/smooth muscle to contract or gland to secrete)

Question 4

what can a mixed nerve do

Answer 4

it can carry 2 or more functional types of nerve fibre to any given region of the body or structure

Question 5

what does the outermost layer of the cerebral hemisphere contain

Answer 5

cerebral neocortex
gyri and sulci

Question 6

what are the 4 lobes of the cerebral hemisphere and what do they do

Answer 6

occipital - back - visual processing

parietal - top - proprioception, sensory information integration

temporal - side - visual memory, processing sensory input

frontal - front - motor function,
impulse control, judgement

Question 7

what does the cerebellum control

Answer 7

fine motor control, balance, posture, coordination)

Question 8

describe the appearance of the axial section of the brain

Answer 8

grey matter - outermost layer - full of cell bodies

white matter - deep, contains many axons which are myelinated (whiter appearance)

Question 9

where is the grey and white matter in the spinal cord

Answer 9

white matter is superficial and grey matter is deep

Question 10

what are the cranial nerves 1-4

Answer 10

CN I - olfactory nerve
CN II - optic nerve
CN III - oculomotor nerve
CN IV - trochlear nerve

Question 11

what are the cranial nerves 5-8

Answer 11

CN V - trigeminal nerve
CN VI - abducent nerve
CN VII - facial nerve
CN VIII - vestibulocochlear nerve

Question 12

what are cranial nerves 9 - 12

Answer 12

CN IX - glossophryngeal nerve
CN X - vagus nerve
CN XI - spinal accessory nerve
CN XII - hypoglossal nerve

Question 13

how are the cranial nerves numbered and named

Answer 13

order from anterior to posterior
according to functions or anatomy

Question 14

what are the functions of the cranial nerves

Answer 14

special sensory - I,II, VIII
somatic motor - IV, VI, XI, XII
mixed - III, V, VII, IX, X

Question 15

Describe the appearance of the floor of the cranial cavity

Answer 15

anterior cranial fossa
middle cranial fossa
posterior cranial fossa

Question 16

why are there canals in the base of the skull

Answer 16

for CNs to pass between the brain and periphery

Question 17

where does the spinal cord go through

Answer 17

• connects to brain, passes through foramen magnum
• connects bilaterally with spinal nerves (31 pairs)
• ends inferiorly at L1/L2 intervertebral disc level (conus medullaris)

Question 18

what protects the spinal cord

Answer 18

vertebral canal

Question 19

what are the 4 segments of the spinal cord

Answer 19

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral/coccygeal

Question 20

what are the 2 enlargements in the spinal cord

Answer 20

cervical and lumbosacral

Question 21

what is longer, the adult vertebral column or the adult spinal cord

Answer 21

vertebral column

Question 22

where do the lumbar and sacral spinal nerve roots go

Answer 22

they descend in vertebral canal to their respective intervertebral foraminae - cauda equina

Question 23

how does the spinal cord connect to spinal nerves

Answer 23

bilaterally

Question 24

what are the spinal nerves

Answer 24

8 pairs of cervical spinal nerves
c1 - c8

12 pairs of thoracic spinal nerves
T1-T12

5 pairs of lumbar spinal nerves
L1-L5

5 pairs of sacral spinal nerves
S1-S5

1 pair of coccygeal spinal nerves
co

Question 25

what is a dermatome

Answer 25

area of skin supplied by both the anterior and posterior rami of spinal nerves

Question 26

what is the T4 dermatome
what is the T10 dermatome

Answer 26

male nipple
umbilicus

Question 27

what environment are the somatic and autonomic nervous system

Answer 27

somatic nervous system - external environment VOLUNTARY

autonomic nervous system - internal environment INVOLUNTARY

Question 28

what do somatic neurons supply

Answer 28

the soma - body wall

Question 29

what is the role of the somatic nervous system

Answer 29

senses and responds to the external environment

Question 30

Where are the axons of the somatic neurons found

Answer 30

in spinal nerve branches e.g intercostal nerves, phrenic nerves

Question 31

what are the 2 nerve fibres in teh somatic nervous system

Answer 31

somatic sensory nerve fibres - from skin, parietal pleura, skeletal muscles, bones and joints

somatic motor nerve fibres - to skeletal muscles

Question 32

what is the role of the autonomic nervous system

Answer 32

sense and responds to internal environment (heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, glandular secretions)

Question 33

what are the 2 parts of the autonomic nervous system

Answer 33

sympathetic - fight or flight
parasympathetic -rest and digest

Question 34

describe what happens during the sympathetic part of ANS, fight or flight

Answer 34

heart rate increases
arterioles dilate or constrict
skin makes hair stand up
lungs dilate bronchioles
gut reduces motility/closes sphincters
pupils dilate
liver releases glucose

Question 35

describe what happens during the parasympathetic part of ANS, rest and digest

Answer 35

supplies the same organs except except skin and arterioles
opposes sympathetic system

Question 36

where do sympathetics originate from and where do they go

Answer 36

autonomic centres of the brain, passes down spinal cord, exits spinal cord with T1-L2 spinal nerves - thoracolumbar outflow
travels to sympathetic chains running the length of vertebral column, passes into all spinal nerves to supply sweat glands, arrector ,muscles, arterioles, passes into splanchnic nerves to supply organs