Pain - patho

Question 1

Nociceptors

Answer 1

nerve fibers that respond to noxious stimuli, response to anything that has broken down tissues

Question 2

Spinothalamic tract

Answer 2

directs sensory neuronal impulses from the spinal cord up through the brainstem to the hypothalamus. the axons cross over to the other side of the spinal cord before they reach the brain

Question 3

Neurotransmitters

Answer 3

excitatory or inhibitory chemical mediators that are released from one neuron to stimulate another

Question 4

Endogenous opioids

Answer 4

natural analgesic neurochemicals that inhibit pain sensation by binding to pain receptors

Question 5

Addiction

Answer 5

impaired control over drug use, compulsive use of a drug, craving of a drug, continued use despite harm

Question 6

Tolerance

Answer 6

a state of adaption in which chronic exposure to a drug causes gradual decrease in results over time

Question 7

Physical dependence

Answer 7

a state of adaption manifested by a drug withdrawal syndrome that can be produced by abrupt cessation, rapid dose reduction, decreasing blood level of the drug, administration of an antagonist

Question 8

Prostaglandins

Answer 8

made at the site of injury, enhance pain due to inflammation

Question 9

Neuropeptides

Answer 9

non-endogenous opioids

Question 10

Pain

Answer 10

an unpleasant sensation that can range in discomfort

Question 11

Transduction

Answer 11

afferent neurons, tissue damage activates nerves

Question 12

Transmission

Answer 12

a/c fibers relay pain signals

Question 13

Perception

Answer 13

interpretation of pain

Question 14

Gate control theory

Answer 14

pain is thought of as being controlled by a gate in the central nervous system (when the gate is open pain is felt)

Question 15

What natural hormone can close pain gates

Answer 15

endorphins

Question 16

Neuromatrix theory

Answer 16

there is a matrix of neurons in the brain that is capable of generating pain in the absence of signals from sensory nervous (accounts for phantom pain)

Question 17

Acute pain

Answer 17

sudden, <6 months, decreases over time

Question 18

Chronic pain

Answer 18

> 6 months, pain does not go away or diminish, fatigue

Question 19

Neuropathic pain

Answer 19

abnormal pain processing due to damage to nerves, can be referred

Question 20

Cutaneous pain

Answer 20

superficial somatic

Question 21

Deep somatic pain

Answer 21

poorly localized pain that affects bones, joints, muscles, skin, connective tissue

Question 22

Visceral pain

Answer 22

deep, acute pain rising from internal organs

Question 23

Referred pain

Answer 23

pain in an area different from its point of origin

Question 24

Phantom pain

Answer 24

pain felt in something that is not present

Question 25

At what age is the nociceptor system functional

Answer 25

20-24 weeks

Question 26

What ages have a lower pain tolerance

Answer 26

children

Question 27

OLDCART

Answer 27

onset, location, duration, characteristics, aggravating factors, relieving factors, treatment