Pain, Nutrition, Eating Conditions Flashcards
Inability to effectively move in a purposeful manner
Immobility
The state of being inactive;idleness; reluctance in action
Inactivity
When blood supply is static within the veins
Venous stasis
Due to venous stasis, the blood doesn’t move so it coagulates (clots)
Thrombosis
Occurs when a blood clot dislodges, gets pumped to the heart and ends up in the lungs
Pulmonary embolism
Happens when veins lose pressure gradient and the blood pools and patient’s blood pressure drops when they stand
Orthostatic hypotension
Extended immobility leads to ______ cardiac output and heart rate increases.
Decreased
What is the accumulation of fluid in the alveoli in the lungs called?
Atelectasis
Extended immobility leads to ______ lung expansion
Diminished
Immobility leads to being:
Cough _________
Risk for aspiration & _________
Suppressed
Pneumonia
What happens to muscles due to immobility and inactivity?
- weaken
- atrophy
- contractures
What kind of bone is the first effected by degeneration from immobility?
Trabecular bone
What happens to bone due to immobility?
- degeneration
- demineralization
- osteoporosis
- pathological fractures (not caused from injury)
What happens to the renal system due to immobility?
- stasis
- retention
- infection
What happens to the GI system due to immobility?
- poor diet
- slowed peristalsis
- ineffective defecation
- constipation
How many stages of pressure injury are there?
4
What are some issues with the integumentary system due to immobility?
- dry skin
- pressure ulcers
- moisture breakdown
- tears and bruising
What are the 4 stages of pressure injury?
I. skin becomes affected (redness/irritation)
II. loss of skin (epidermal/dermal)
III. damage to fat layers (ulcerations)
IV. damage all the way down to bone
What are some psychosocial issues with immobility?
- social isolation
- sensory deprivation
- anxiety /depression
- fear
- ineffective thought process (cognitive decline)
How does obesity occur?
- energy intake exceeds energy needs
- metabolic disorders
- genetics
Very active fat cells are called _________
Adipocytes (adipose cells)
Adipose cells act in the manner of an _________ cell
Endocrine
True or false:
Adipose cells release adipokines
True
Where is the most harmful adipose tissue found?
Abdominal area
What causes a nutritional deficit?
Not consuming the required (needed) amount of nutrients
What types of proteins do adipose cells make that lead to cellular dysfunction?
Adipokines
What location of the body has the most adipokines?
Abdominal area
What are some dysfunctions caused by adipokines?
- cellular insulin sensitivity
- fat breakdown
- blood lipid levels
- hepatic glucose production
Megaloblastic anemia
Folate
Pellagra: pigmented rash on sun-exposed areas
Niacin
Cheilosis: fissures and irritation at the edges of the mouth
Riboflavin
Beriberi: neuropathy, muscle weakness, and wasting
Thiamine
Night blindness
vitamin A
Neuropathy, depression, microcytic anemia
vitamin B6
Scurvy: microbleeding
Vitamin c
Rickets
Vitamin D
Peripheral neuropathy, retinopathy, skeletal muscle atrophy
Vitamin E
Bleeding
Vitamin K
Eating disorder characterized by low BMI, amenorrhea, not consuming enough calories, extreme weight loss
Anorexia nervosa
Eating disorder characterized by consuming food and later throwing up or using other methods to unnaturally get rid of food
Bulimia nervosa
Eating disorder characterized by consuming a lot of food in one sitting
Binge eating
Sensory neurons that carry pain, temperature, touch, vibration, and pressure sensations into the dorsal horn of the spinal cord
Afferent neurons
At the spinal cord the afferent neuron connects with an ________.
Interneuron
Motor neurons that exit the spinal cord at the ventral horn and travel to the muscles of the body
Efferent neurons
The interneuron connects to an ________ neuron at the ventral horn and enacts motor activity
Efferent
The _______ tract directs sensory neuronal impulses from the spinal cord up through the brain stem to the hypothalamus and upper regions of the brain cortex
Spinothalamic
From the _________ portion of the brain, motor neurons descend downward in the spinal cord and cross over at the medulla to control the opposite side of the body.
These motor neurons are known as ___________ tract
Somatosensory
Corticospinal
Nerve fibers that respond to noxious stimuli
Nociceptors
Large, myelinated fibers that conduct impulses rapidly and cause the fast, short lived acute experience of pain
A delta fiber
Natural analgesic neurochemicals that inhibit pain sensation
Endogenous opioids
Endogeneous opioids include:
- Endorphins
- enkephalins
- dynorphins
A skin area innervated by sensory fibers of a single nerve root
Dermatome
A group of muscles primarily innervated by the muscle fibers of a single nerve root
Mytotome
Pain theory that states pain sensation must pass through a gate to be received by the brain.
Gate control theory of pain
The _________ is the brain’s perception of the body.
Neuromatrix
Consists of complex neural networks that are built into the brain from birth and develop throughout lifetime.
Neuromatrix
This theory of pain explains chronic and phantom limb pain
Neuromatrix theory of pain
When the pain response occurs at a distance from the actual pain site
Referred pain
The hallmark of referred pain
Visceral pain
Sensation of pain in an amputated part
Phantom pain
Specific pain syndromes (6)
- Cancer pain
- Radiculopathy
- diabetic peripheral neuropathy
- complex regional pain syndrome
- fibromyalgia
- headache (cephalgia)
Pernicious anemia
Vitamin b12
