Disorders Of Blood Cells Flashcards
Myeloblasts differentiate to __________
Granulocytes
Granules that include histamine, prostaglandin, leukotrienes. They respond to inflammation and infection especially parasites.
Basophils
The granulocyte mainly released in allergic reactions and parasitic infection.
Eosinophils
The most predominant granulocyte. It is a fast responder that is released due to infection, stress, and inflammation.
Neutrophils
Mature neutrophils are called ______.
Segs
Immature neutrophils are called _______.
Bands
An immature cell, called a monoblast, becomes a _______ when mature.
Monocytes
- Become macrophages
- Can leave and renter the circulation
- Main function is phagocytosis
- Enhances inflammation and stimulate
- Release and function of other WBCs
Monocytes
- Processed in the bone marrow
- Matures in the lymph system
- Produces antibodies
B-lymphocytes
- Processed in the thymus
- Become T helper cells (CD4) and cytotoxic T cells (CD8)
T-lymphocytes
What is the normal count for WBCs?
4000-10,900 cells per uL
A white blood cell (WBC) count below 4000/uL
Leukopenia
A white blood cell count greater than 11,000/uL
Leukocytosis
A WBC count greater than 50,000 mcL not related to leukemia
Leukemoid reaction
Elevated levels of neutrophils
Neutrophilia
What causes elevated levels of neutrophils?
- infection
- inflammation
- malignancy
- smoking
- stress
- drug mediated
What is the decreased numbers of neutrophils called?
Neutropenia
What is neutropenia related to?
- Bone marrow dysfunction
- Shift of neutrophils to other body systems
- Drug mediated
A hematologic neoplasm of the blood
Leukemia
A hematologic neoplasm of the lymph
Lymphomas
What causes a hematologic cancer?
- environmental factors (radiation, ect.)
- pH chromosome (translocation of 9 and 22 chromosomes)
What are some risk factors for hematologic cancers?
- Exposure to agents that cause DNA damage
- Some types of infections
- immunodeficiency disorders
What virus is linked frequently with lymphomas?
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)
Cancer of the developing WBCs in bone marrow which leads to over-proliferation of cells that do not function.
Leukemia
Leukemia arising from cancerous myeloid WBCs
Myelocytic
Leukemia arising from cancerous lymphoid WBCs
Lymphocytic
Which lymphocytic leukemia is more common in children?
Acute (ALL)
Which lymphocytic leukemia is the most common leukemia in the US?
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)
Which lymphocytic leukemia has a high level of immature blast cells?
Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)
Which cancer is 80% caused by chromosomal issues?
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)
Which leukemia is most common in adults and elderly? Affects mostly the B cells.
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)
Cells in this leukemia look like mature B cells, but do not function as such.
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)
Caused by a proliferation of undifferentiated blast myeloid cells
Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)
This cancer can infiltrate the spleen, liver, lungs, and skin
Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)
This cancer’s risk is from receiving previous cancer treatments and radiation exposure
Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)
A cancer that is a result from an overproduction of mature myeloid cells
Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)
Arises from oncogene mutation or exposure to radtiation (high % has PhC)
Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)
What are the three phases of CML (chronic myelogenous leukemia)?
- Chronic
- Accelerated
- Blast
The most common type of blood cancer in the U.S
Lymphomas
What are the two types of lymphomas?
Hodgkin’s or Non-Hodgkin’s
- Most common in young adults
- 17% of lymphoma cases
- Malignancy of B lymphocytes
- cause unknown, 50% have EBV
- solid non painful lymph enlargement
Hodgkin’s lymphoma
What kind of cancer involves Reed-Sternberg cells?
Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
- 83% of lymphomas
- More common in older adults
- Over 30 subsets
- Can be related to B-cells, T-cells, or natural (NK) cells
- chromosomal abnormality linked to cause
Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphomas
Which lymphoma has a better survival rate?
Hodgkin’s lymphoma
A sudden onset of night sweats is linked to which type of cancer?
Lymphomas
How many stages of lymphomas are there?
4
What stage of lymphoma is characterized by
- localized diaphragm
- single lymph node region
- single organ
Stage I
What stage of lymphoma is characterized by:
- widespread disease
- multiple organs involved
- lymph node involvement may or may not be involved
Stage IV
What stage of lymphoma is characterized by:
-two or more lymph node regions on the same side of the diaphragm
Stage II
What stage of lymphoma is characterized by:
-two or more lymph node regions above and below the diaphragm
Stage III
A generalized disorder that leads to bone destruction, bone marrow failure, renal failure, and neurological complications.
Multiple Myeloma
Excess of its synthesized abnormal immunoglobin and Ig fragments referred to as monoclonal proteins or M-proteins.
Multiple Myeloma
_____ lesions on bones may be present in multiple myeloma
Lytic
True or False: Multiple myeloma can be cured.
False; it is terminal, however, patients can live for a long time with it.
What is another name for a red blood cell?
Erythrocyte
What is a reticulocyte?
It’s a premature red blood cell. (Not a RBC; does not function as a RBC)
Which organ makes erythropoietin?
Kidneys
RBCs are made up of how many hemoglobin?
4
The percentage of blood made up of RBCs.
Hematocrit
The 4 hemoglobin molecules are made up of how many alphas and betas?
2 alphas 2 betas
Normal RBC value for a male
4.5-5.5
Normal RBC value for a female
4.0-4.9
Normal lab value of HGB for a male
13-18
Normal HGB value for a female
12 to 16
Normal HCT value for a male
45-55%
Normal HCT value for a female
37-48%
RBCs, HGB, and HCT values generally sit within ______ of one another
1/3
The life expectancy of an RBC is _____ days.
120
The _____ removes aged, loses, and dead RBCs from circulation
Spleen
RBCs are broken down into their component parts, which are recycled to make new RBCs where?
Spleen
What is the most common disorder of RBCs?
Anemia
Anemia is caused by ______ or _______ blood loss.
Chronic; acute
What three nutrients do you need to make RBCs?
Iron, Folic Acid, and Vitamin B12
Symptoms of anemia include: (name 5)
- Cold
- Lethargy
- Weakness
- Increased heart rate
- Changed stool color
- Paleness
What kind of anemia causes splenomegaly?
Hemolytic anemia
What type of anemia can be related to menorrhagia (heavy menstrual flow)?
Chronic blood loss anemia
True or False: Anemia can be caused by trauma
True
Platelets greater than 750,000
Thrombocytosis
What is the normal platelet numbers?
150,000-400,000
Primary thrombocytosis occurs where?
Bone marrow
Increased coagulation activity is caused by:
Stasis of the blood
What is a platelet count less of 100,000 called?
Thrombocytopenia
What causes impaired activity of platelet formation?
- Medication
- Renal failure
- Genetic alterations
What causes a depression of bone marrow?
Thrombocytopenia
Ecchymosis or ecchymotic is also called ________
Bruising
How many medication can cause drug-induced thrombocytopenia?
1500 medications (Heparin & Aspirin are two most common)
What condition works on von Willebrand factor?
Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP)
Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP) can be triggered by ________?
E-Coli 0157 — release of shiga toxin
What is the clinical presentation of Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP)?
- Purpura
- Petechiae
- Neurological changes
A genetic disorder that include lack of either factor XIII or factor IX?
Hemophilia
In hemophilia, common sites of bleeds include:
- soft tissue
- GI tract
- joints
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) can causing bleeding where?
Anywhere
True or False: Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) can cause mortality.
True
