Cells And Conditions Flashcards
Which of the following is incorrectly matched? A. Atrophy- decrease in cell size B. Neoplasia- uncontrolled cell growth C. Hypertrophy- increase in cell size D- Metaplasia- increase in cell number
D. Metaplasia
Benign and malignant terms are associated with _______.
Neoplasia
During a myocardial infarction (MI), proteins that are normally inside the cell, leak into the plasma due to _______.
Loss of plasma membrane integrity
Genetically programmed cell death is called _____.
Apoptosis
If a genetic mutation occurs on one of the first 22 pairs of chromosomes, it is what kind of condition?
Autosomal dominant
An autosomal dominant disease which affects the connective tissue.
Marfan’s syndrome
A change in the number or structure of a chromosome
Aneuploidy
Which chromosome is affected in Downs Syndrome?
Chromosome 21
Klinfelter syndrome results from an extra X chromosome? How is it displayed?
XXY
What are the three stages of stress (in order)?
- Alarm
- Resistance
- Exhaustion
What are the three primary players in the body’s response system to stress?
- The brain
- Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)
- Adrenal glands
Activation of the SNS during stress does not cause which of the following conditions?
A. Increase in blood pressure
B. Increased GI activity
C. Increased blood flow to skeletal muscle
D. Increased Heart rate
B. Increased GI activity
Epinephrine is released from where?
The adrenal medulla
The wear and tear on the body from chronic stressors is called ________.
Allostatic load
Prefix meaning under, below, or less than
Hypo
Prefix meaning over, more, or greater than
Hyper
The growth of new blood vessels is called _________.
Angiogenesis
Biological catalysis, proteins that speed up reactions in the body
Catalyst
A cell or part of the cell that receives substances or signals
Receptors
Surface markers on a cell that identify the cell as belonging to the individual or being foreign
Antigen
Prefix meaning “against, opposite/opposing, and contrary”
Anti
A specialized immune protein produced because of the introduction of an antigen
Antibody
Means “around”
Peri
The passage of fluid through the circulatory system, delivery of blood to the capillary beds and tissues
Perfusion
Inadequate blood supply to a local area which can cause damage to the tissues
Ischemia
Obstruction of the blood supply to an organ or region of tissue leading to tissue death
Infarction
The death of most or all the cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury, or failure of the blood supply
Necrosis
The action of making something narrower or tightening
Constriction
The action of limiting the flow of fluids or gas
Restricting
A localized reaction that produced redness, warmth, swelling, and pain as a result of infection, irritation, or injury (can be external or internal, micro or macro)
Inflammation
The swelling of tissues as a result of excess fluid
Edema
The prefix indicating the absence or depletion of something
A or an
Oxygen requiring
Aerobic
Non-oxygen requiring for energy, usually uses glucose instead of oxygen
Anaerobic
Excessive loss of body water. A harmful reduction in the amount of water in the body.
Dehydration
The study of causes, as in the causes of disease.
Etiology
The addition of oxygen to a system
Oxygenation
The lower-than-normal concentration of oxygen in the arterial blood.
Hypoxia
A complete lack of blood oxygen
Anoxia
The suffix used to form names of enzymes.
-ase
Prefix meaning self
Auto
Prefix meaning slow
Brady
Prefix meaning fast
Tachy
Prefix meaning around
Circum
Prefix meaning blood
Hema
Prefix meaning inflammation
Itis
Suffix meaning an unhealthy state.
I-asis
Related to a treatment of a condition
Iatr(o)
Destruction, cut away, or remove.
Lysis
To change or make different
Morph
Process of cellular death
Necr(o)
Small amount or few
Oligo
A suffix containing a condition or state
Osis
Prefix meaning much or many
Poly
Suffix meaning muscle tension
Tony
Feeding or growth
Trophy
That is the smallest living unit of an organism?
A cell
Cells have how many things in common (No matter what type they are)?
3 (cell membrane, cytoplasm, DNA)
__________ cells have organelles which include a nucleus
Eukaryotic
Cells that don’t have a nucleus or membrane-enclosed organelles are called ___________.
Prokaryotic
Means “little organ”
Organelle
The control center of a cell is _________.
The nucleus
What contains the cell’s DNA?
The nucleus
The tangled spread-out form of DNA is called?
Chromatin
Where are ribosomes made?
Nucleolus
How many different types of endoplasmic reticulum are there?
2 types (rough and smooth)
The garbage collectors of the cell are called __________.
Lysosomes
The powerhouse of the cell is __________.
Mitochondria
Cells maintain their shape through a __________.
Cytoskeleton
- Semi permeable
- Proteins with varied functions
- Contains antigens
Cell membrane
Potassium is higher _____ the cell.
Inside
Sodium is higher ________ the cell.
Outside
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) moves ______ in and out of the cell.
Ions
Sperm has very little what?
Mitochondria
Which organelle produces the cell’s energy?
Mitochondria
Mitochondria uses _______ metabolism.
Aerobic
When the cell dies, enzymes release and destroy the cell, this is called _________.
Autolysis
Where do protein synthesis occur?
Ribosomes
What is the correct term for the study of microscopic study of tissues?
Histology
What cellular adaptions/maladaptive responses results in cell sizes and changes?
Hypertrophy and atrophy
The replacement of one cell type by another cell type is called _______.
Metaplasia (ex: age spots or GERD)
A poorly differentiated tumor would be an example of what?
A malignant neoplasm
The most common cause of cellular hypoxia is __________
Ischemia
Dysfunction of the Na+ K+ ATP pump would lead to what condition?
Swelling of a cell (due to retained sodium)
Anaerobic metabolism results in which acid accumulation?
Pyruvic
What cellular maladaptive responses is most associated with fatty liver disease?
Damage to hepacytes
Oxidative stress results in what type of injury?
Free radical
In uncontrolled diabetes, high blood glucose levels chemically injury the membranes of ________cells.
Endothelial
Which mechanism of hypertension leads to endothelial cell damage?
Shearing force
Atherogenesis intensifies under the influence of what condition?
Hypercholesterolemia
Place pathological process of cell death in order (gangrene, hypoxia, infarction, ischemia)
Hypoxia, ischemia, infarction, gangrene
How many means of genetic possibilities are there?
3.
- autosomal dominant
- autosomal recessive
- x-linked
Achondroplasia is an example of what kind of genetic disorder?
Autosomal dominant
Huntington’s chorea is an example of what type of chromosomal disorder?
Autosomal dominant
Cystic fibrosis is an example of what kind of genetic disorder?
Autosomal recessive
Tay Sachs in an example of what kind of genetic disorder?
Autosomal recessive
Sickle cell anemia is an example of what kind of genetic disorder?
Autosomal recessive
G6PD is an example of what kind of genetic disorder?
Sex (X) Linked
Colorblindness is an example of what kind of genetic disorder?
Sex (X) linked
Hemophilia is an example of what kind of genetic disorder?
Sex (X) Linked
A different number of chromosomes between the two.
Aneuploidy
Down’s syndrome is an example of what kind of genetic disorder?
Aneuploidy.
When a piece of a chromosome breaks off and attaches to another, it is called _______.
Translocation
When a portion of a chromosome breaks off and is lost?
Deletion
Multiple issues on inherited genes is called ________.
Multifactorial influences/inheritances (ex: HTN, diabetes)
Normal genes that control proliferation
Pronto-oncogenes
Mutations of the pronto-oncogenes that leads to cell proliferation
Oncogenes
_____________ suppress uncontrolled cellular mitosis and thus, tumor growth.
Tumor suppression genes
