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Pathophysiology > Cells And Conditions > Flashcards

Cells And Conditions Flashcards

1
Q 
Which of the following is incorrectly matched?
A. Atrophy- decrease in cell size
B. Neoplasia- uncontrolled cell growth
C. Hypertrophy- increase in cell size
D- Metaplasia- increase in cell number
A

D. Metaplasia

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2
Q

Benign and malignant terms are associated with _______.

A

Neoplasia

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3
Q

During a myocardial infarction (MI), proteins that are normally inside the cell, leak into the plasma due to _______.

A

Loss of plasma membrane integrity

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4
Q

Genetically programmed cell death is called _____.

A

Apoptosis

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5
Q

If a genetic mutation occurs on one of the first 22 pairs of chromosomes, it is what kind of condition?

A

Autosomal dominant

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6
Q

An autosomal dominant disease which affects the connective tissue.

A

Marfan’s syndrome

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7
Q

A change in the number or structure of a chromosome

A

Aneuploidy

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8
Q

Which chromosome is affected in Downs Syndrome?

A

Chromosome 21

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9
Q

Klinfelter syndrome results from an extra X chromosome? How is it displayed?

A

XXY

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10
Q

What are the three stages of stress (in order)?

A
  1. Alarm
  2. Resistance
  3. Exhaustion
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11
Q

What are the three primary players in the body’s response system to stress?

A
  1. The brain
  2. Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)
  3. Adrenal glands
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12
Q

Activation of the SNS during stress does not cause which of the following conditions?
A. Increase in blood pressure
B. Increased GI activity
C. Increased blood flow to skeletal muscle
D. Increased Heart rate

A

B. Increased GI activity

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13
Q

Epinephrine is released from where?

A

The adrenal medulla

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14
Q

The wear and tear on the body from chronic stressors is called ________.

A

Allostatic load

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15
Q

Prefix meaning under, below, or less than

A

Hypo

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16
Q

Prefix meaning over, more, or greater than

A

Hyper

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17
Q

The growth of new blood vessels is called _________.

A

Angiogenesis

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18
Q

Biological catalysis, proteins that speed up reactions in the body

A

Catalyst

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19
Q

A cell or part of the cell that receives substances or signals

A

Receptors

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20
Q

Surface markers on a cell that identify the cell as belonging to the individual or being foreign

A

Antigen

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21
Q

Prefix meaning “against, opposite/opposing, and contrary”

A

Anti

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22
Q

A specialized immune protein produced because of the introduction of an antigen

A

Antibody

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23
Q

Means “around”

A

Peri

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24
Q

The passage of fluid through the circulatory system, delivery of blood to the capillary beds and tissues

A

Perfusion

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25
Q

Inadequate blood supply to a local area which can cause damage to the tissues

A

Ischemia

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26
Q

Obstruction of the blood supply to an organ or region of tissue leading to tissue death

A

Infarction

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27
Q

The death of most or all the cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury, or failure of the blood supply

A

Necrosis

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28
Q

The action of making something narrower or tightening

A

Constriction

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29
Q

The action of limiting the flow of fluids or gas

A

Restricting

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30
Q

A localized reaction that produced redness, warmth, swelling, and pain as a result of infection, irritation, or injury (can be external or internal, micro or macro)

A

Inflammation

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31
Q

The swelling of tissues as a result of excess fluid

A

Edema

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32
Q

The prefix indicating the absence or depletion of something

A

A or an

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33
Q

Oxygen requiring

A

Aerobic

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34
Q

Non-oxygen requiring for energy, usually uses glucose instead of oxygen

A

Anaerobic

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35
Q

Excessive loss of body water. A harmful reduction in the amount of water in the body.

A

Dehydration

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36
Q

The study of causes, as in the causes of disease.

A

Etiology

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37
Q

The addition of oxygen to a system

A

Oxygenation

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38
Q

The lower-than-normal concentration of oxygen in the arterial blood.

A

Hypoxia

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39
Q

A complete lack of blood oxygen

A

Anoxia

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40
Q

The suffix used to form names of enzymes.

A

-ase

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41
Q

Prefix meaning self

A

Auto

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42
Q

Prefix meaning slow

A

Brady

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43
Q

Prefix meaning fast

A

Tachy

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44
Q

Prefix meaning around

A

Circum

45
Q

Prefix meaning blood

A

Hema

46
Q

Prefix meaning inflammation

A

Itis

47
Q

Suffix meaning an unhealthy state.

A

I-asis

48
Q

Related to a treatment of a condition

A

Iatr(o)

49
Q

Destruction, cut away, or remove.

A

Lysis

50
Q

To change or make different

A

Morph

51
Q

Process of cellular death

A

Necr(o)

52
Q

Small amount or few

A

Oligo

53
Q

A suffix containing a condition or state

A

Osis

54
Q

Prefix meaning much or many

A

Poly

55
Q

Suffix meaning muscle tension

A

Tony

56
Q

Feeding or growth

A

Trophy

57
Q

That is the smallest living unit of an organism?

A

A cell

58
Q

Cells have how many things in common (No matter what type they are)?

A

3 (cell membrane, cytoplasm, DNA)

59
Q

__________ cells have organelles which include a nucleus

A

Eukaryotic

60
Q

Cells that don’t have a nucleus or membrane-enclosed organelles are called ___________.

A

Prokaryotic

61
Q

Means “little organ”

A

Organelle

62
Q

The control center of a cell is _________.

A

The nucleus

63
Q

What contains the cell’s DNA?

A

The nucleus

64
Q

The tangled spread-out form of DNA is called?

A

Chromatin

65
Q

Where are ribosomes made?

A

Nucleolus

66
Q

How many different types of endoplasmic reticulum are there?

A

2 types (rough and smooth)

67
Q

The garbage collectors of the cell are called __________.

A

Lysosomes

68
Q

The powerhouse of the cell is __________.

A

Mitochondria

69
Q

Cells maintain their shape through a __________.

A

Cytoskeleton

70
Q
  • Semi permeable
  • Proteins with varied functions
  • Contains antigens
A

Cell membrane

71
Q

Potassium is higher _____ the cell.

A

Inside

72
Q

Sodium is higher ________ the cell.

A

Outside

73
Q

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) moves ______ in and out of the cell.

A

Ions

74
Q

Sperm has very little what?

A

Mitochondria

75
Q

Which organelle produces the cell’s energy?

A

Mitochondria

76
Q

Mitochondria uses _______ metabolism.

A

Aerobic

77
Q

When the cell dies, enzymes release and destroy the cell, this is called _________.

A

Autolysis

78
Q

Where do protein synthesis occur?

A

Ribosomes

79
Q

What is the correct term for the study of microscopic study of tissues?

A

Histology

80
Q

What cellular adaptions/maladaptive responses results in cell sizes and changes?

A

Hypertrophy and atrophy

81
Q

The replacement of one cell type by another cell type is called _______.

A

Metaplasia (ex: age spots or GERD)

82
Q

A poorly differentiated tumor would be an example of what?

A

A malignant neoplasm

83
Q

The most common cause of cellular hypoxia is __________

A

Ischemia

84
Q

Dysfunction of the Na+ K+ ATP pump would lead to what condition?

A

Swelling of a cell (due to retained sodium)

85
Q

Anaerobic metabolism results in which acid accumulation?

A

Pyruvic

86
Q

What cellular maladaptive responses is most associated with fatty liver disease?

A

Damage to hepacytes

87
Q

Oxidative stress results in what type of injury?

A

Free radical

88
Q

In uncontrolled diabetes, high blood glucose levels chemically injury the membranes of ________cells.

A

Endothelial

89
Q

Which mechanism of hypertension leads to endothelial cell damage?

A

Shearing force

90
Q

Atherogenesis intensifies under the influence of what condition?

A

Hypercholesterolemia

91
Q

Place pathological process of cell death in order (gangrene, hypoxia, infarction, ischemia)

A

Hypoxia, ischemia, infarction, gangrene

92
Q

How many means of genetic possibilities are there?

A

3.

  • autosomal dominant
  • autosomal recessive
  • x-linked
93
Q

Achondroplasia is an example of what kind of genetic disorder?

A

Autosomal dominant

94
Q

Huntington’s chorea is an example of what type of chromosomal disorder?

A

Autosomal dominant

95
Q

Cystic fibrosis is an example of what kind of genetic disorder?

A

Autosomal recessive

96
Q

Tay Sachs in an example of what kind of genetic disorder?

A

Autosomal recessive

97
Q

Sickle cell anemia is an example of what kind of genetic disorder?

A

Autosomal recessive

98
Q

G6PD is an example of what kind of genetic disorder?

A

Sex (X) Linked

99
Q

Colorblindness is an example of what kind of genetic disorder?

A

Sex (X) linked

100
Q

Hemophilia is an example of what kind of genetic disorder?

A

Sex (X) Linked

101
Q

A different number of chromosomes between the two.

A

Aneuploidy

102
Q

Down’s syndrome is an example of what kind of genetic disorder?

A

Aneuploidy.

103
Q

When a piece of a chromosome breaks off and attaches to another, it is called _______.

A

Translocation

104
Q

When a portion of a chromosome breaks off and is lost?

A

Deletion

105
Q

Multiple issues on inherited genes is called ________.

A

Multifactorial influences/inheritances (ex: HTN, diabetes)

106
Q

Normal genes that control proliferation

A

Pronto-oncogenes

107
Q

Mutations of the pronto-oncogenes that leads to cell proliferation

A

Oncogenes

108
Q

_____________ suppress uncontrolled cellular mitosis and thus, tumor growth.

A

Tumor suppression genes

Pathophysiology (8 decks)

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