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Cells And Conditions Flashcards

1
Q 
Which of the following is incorrectly matched?
A. Atrophy- decrease in cell size
B. Neoplasia- uncontrolled cell growth
C. Hypertrophy- increase in cell size
D- Metaplasia- increase in cell number
A

D. Metaplasia

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2
Q

Benign and malignant terms are associated with _______.

A

Neoplasia

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3
Q

During a myocardial infarction (MI), proteins that are normally inside the cell, leak into the plasma due to _______.

A

Loss of plasma membrane integrity

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4
Q

Genetically programmed cell death is called _____.

A

Apoptosis

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5
Q

If a genetic mutation occurs on one of the first 22 pairs of chromosomes, it is what kind of condition?

A

Autosomal dominant

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6
Q

An autosomal dominant disease which affects the connective tissue.

A

Marfan’s syndrome

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7
Q

A change in the number or structure of a chromosome

A

Aneuploidy

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8
Q

Which chromosome is affected in Downs Syndrome?

A

Chromosome 21

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9
Q

Klinfelter syndrome results from an extra X chromosome? How is it displayed?

A

XXY

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10
Q

What are the three stages of stress (in order)?

A
  1. Alarm
  2. Resistance
  3. Exhaustion
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11
Q

What are the three primary players in the body’s response system to stress?

A
  1. The brain
  2. Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)
  3. Adrenal glands
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12
Q

Activation of the SNS during stress does not cause which of the following conditions?
A. Increase in blood pressure
B. Increased GI activity
C. Increased blood flow to skeletal muscle
D. Increased Heart rate

A

B. Increased GI activity

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13
Q

Epinephrine is released from where?

A

The adrenal medulla

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14
Q

The wear and tear on the body from chronic stressors is called ________.

A

Allostatic load

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15
Q

Prefix meaning under, below, or less than

A

Hypo

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16
Q

Prefix meaning over, more, or greater than

A

Hyper

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17
Q

The growth of new blood vessels is called _________.

A

Angiogenesis

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18
Q

Biological catalysis, proteins that speed up reactions in the body

A

Catalyst

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19
Q

A cell or part of the cell that receives substances or signals

A

Receptors

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20
Q

Surface markers on a cell that identify the cell as belonging to the individual or being foreign

A

Antigen

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21
Q

Prefix meaning “against, opposite/opposing, and contrary”

A

Anti

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22
Q

A specialized immune protein produced because of the introduction of an antigen

A

Antibody

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23
Q

Means “around”

A

Peri

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24
Q

The passage of fluid through the circulatory system, delivery of blood to the capillary beds and tissues

A

Perfusion

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25
Inadequate blood supply to a local area which can cause damage to the tissues
Ischemia
26
Obstruction of the blood supply to an organ or region of tissue leading to tissue death
Infarction
27
The death of most or all the cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury, or failure of the blood supply
Necrosis
28
The action of making something narrower or tightening
Constriction
29
The action of limiting the flow of fluids or gas
Restricting
30
A localized reaction that produced redness, warmth, swelling, and pain as a result of infection, irritation, or injury (can be external or internal, micro or macro)
Inflammation
31
The swelling of tissues as a result of excess fluid
Edema
32
The prefix indicating the absence or depletion of something
A or an
33
Oxygen requiring
Aerobic
34
Non-oxygen requiring for energy, usually uses glucose instead of oxygen
Anaerobic
35
Excessive loss of body water. A harmful reduction in the amount of water in the body.
Dehydration
36
The study of causes, as in the causes of disease.
Etiology
37
The addition of oxygen to a system
Oxygenation
38
The lower-than-normal concentration of oxygen in the arterial blood.
Hypoxia
39
A complete lack of blood oxygen
Anoxia
40
The suffix used to form names of enzymes.
-ase
41
Prefix meaning self
Auto
42
Prefix meaning slow
Brady
43
Prefix meaning fast
Tachy
44
Prefix meaning around
Circum
45
Prefix meaning blood
Hema
46
Prefix meaning inflammation
Itis
47
Suffix meaning an unhealthy state.
I-asis
48
Related to a treatment of a condition
Iatr(o)
49
Destruction, cut away, or remove.
Lysis
50
To change or make different
Morph
51
Process of cellular death
Necr(o)
52
Small amount or few
Oligo
53
A suffix containing a condition or state
Osis
54
Prefix meaning much or many
Poly
55
Suffix meaning muscle tension
Tony
56
Feeding or growth
Trophy
57
That is the smallest living unit of an organism?
A cell
58
Cells have how many things in common (No matter what type they are)?
3 (cell membrane, cytoplasm, DNA)
59
__________ cells have organelles which include a nucleus
Eukaryotic
60
Cells that don’t have a nucleus or membrane-enclosed organelles are called ___________.
Prokaryotic
61
Means “little organ”
Organelle
62
The control center of a cell is _________.
The nucleus
63
What contains the cell’s DNA?
The nucleus
64
The tangled spread-out form of DNA is called?
Chromatin
65
Where are ribosomes made?
Nucleolus
66
How many different types of endoplasmic reticulum are there?
2 types (rough and smooth)
67
The garbage collectors of the cell are called __________.
Lysosomes
68
The powerhouse of the cell is __________.
Mitochondria
69
Cells maintain their shape through a __________.
Cytoskeleton
70
- Semi permeable - Proteins with varied functions - Contains antigens
Cell membrane
71
Potassium is higher _____ the cell.
Inside
72
Sodium is higher ________ the cell.
Outside
73
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) moves ______ in and out of the cell.
Ions
74
Sperm has very little what?
Mitochondria
75
Which organelle produces the cell’s energy?
Mitochondria
76
Mitochondria uses _______ metabolism.
Aerobic
77
When the cell dies, enzymes release and destroy the cell, this is called _________.
Autolysis
78
Where do protein synthesis occur?
Ribosomes
79
What is the correct term for the study of microscopic study of tissues?
Histology
80
What cellular adaptions/maladaptive responses results in cell sizes and changes?
Hypertrophy and atrophy
81
The replacement of one cell type by another cell type is called _______.
Metaplasia (ex: age spots or GERD)
82
A poorly differentiated tumor would be an example of what?
A malignant neoplasm
83
The most common cause of cellular hypoxia is __________
Ischemia
84
Dysfunction of the Na+ K+ ATP pump would lead to what condition?
Swelling of a cell (due to retained sodium)
85
Anaerobic metabolism results in which acid accumulation?
Pyruvic
86
What cellular maladaptive responses is most associated with fatty liver disease?
Damage to hepacytes
87
Oxidative stress results in what type of injury?
Free radical
88
In uncontrolled diabetes, high blood glucose levels chemically injury the membranes of ________cells.
Endothelial
89
Which mechanism of hypertension leads to endothelial cell damage?
Shearing force
90
Atherogenesis intensifies under the influence of what condition?
Hypercholesterolemia
91
Place pathological process of cell death in order (gangrene, hypoxia, infarction, ischemia)
Hypoxia, ischemia, infarction, gangrene
92
How many means of genetic possibilities are there?
3. - autosomal dominant - autosomal recessive - x-linked
93
Achondroplasia is an example of what kind of genetic disorder?
Autosomal dominant
94
Huntington’s chorea is an example of what type of chromosomal disorder?
Autosomal dominant
95
Cystic fibrosis is an example of what kind of genetic disorder?
Autosomal recessive
96
Tay Sachs in an example of what kind of genetic disorder?
Autosomal recessive
97
Sickle cell anemia is an example of what kind of genetic disorder?
Autosomal recessive
98
G6PD is an example of what kind of genetic disorder?
Sex (X) Linked
99
Colorblindness is an example of what kind of genetic disorder?
Sex (X) linked
100
Hemophilia is an example of what kind of genetic disorder?
Sex (X) Linked
101
A different number of chromosomes between the two.
Aneuploidy
102
Down’s syndrome is an example of what kind of genetic disorder?
Aneuploidy.
103
When a piece of a chromosome breaks off and attaches to another, it is called _______.
Translocation
104
When a portion of a chromosome breaks off and is lost?
Deletion
105
Multiple issues on inherited genes is called ________.
Multifactorial influences/inheritances (ex: HTN, diabetes)
106
Normal genes that control proliferation
Pronto-oncogenes
107
Mutations of the pronto-oncogenes that leads to cell proliferation
Oncogenes
108
_____________ suppress uncontrolled cellular mitosis and thus, tumor growth.
Tumor suppression genes

Pathophysiology (8 decks)

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