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Pathophysiology > Inflammation, Wound Healing, Autoimmune Disorders > Flashcards

Inflammation, Wound Healing, Autoimmune Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

The protective, coordinated response of the body to an injurious agent

A

Inflammation

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2
Q

Inflammation that occurs rapidly in reaction to cell injury, rids the body of the offending agent, enhances healing, and terminates after a short period, either hours or a few days.

A

Acute inflammation

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3
Q

Inflammation that occurs when the inflammatory reaction persists, inhibits healing, and causes continual cellular damage and organ dysfunction.

A

Chronic inflammation

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4
Q

What at the three stages of acute inflammation?

A
  1. Vascular permeability
  2. Cellular chemotaxis
  3. System responses
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5
Q

Immune response to tissue injury or infection experienced as heat, redness, edema, pain and loss of function.

A

Inflammation

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6
Q

What happens immediately after injury inflammation?

A

Brief vasoconstriction

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7
Q

Two examples of vasoactive cells are:

A
  1. Prostaglandins

2. Histamine

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8
Q

Increased _____________ allows fluids and proteins to pass from the blood into the tissue.

A

Capillary permeability

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9
Q

A multi-stage that involves circulating immune cells (neutrophils) move out of the blood vessels to the site of injury and destroy pathogens and damaged cells.

A

Chemotaxis

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10
Q

The process where neutrophils squeeze through the endothelial gap

A

Diapedesis

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11
Q

The process where neutrophils encounter bacteria, engulf them, and digest them.

A

Phagocytosis

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12
Q

Erythema-redness

A

Rubor

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13
Q

Edema-Swelling

A

Tumor

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14
Q

Heat

A

Calor

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15
Q

Pain

A

Dolor

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16
Q

Fever, Pain, General malaise (a general feeling of poor health), lymphadenopathy (swollen lymph nodes), anorexia, sleepiness, lethargy, anemia, weight loss are all signs of what?

A

Systemic inflammation

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17
Q

Chemicals that reset the hypothalamic temperature center to a high setting

A

Pyrogens

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18
Q

The type of wound healing that occurs with clear wound edges with no missing tissue

A

Primary intention

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19
Q

A surgical incision is an example of what type of wound healing?

A

Primary intention

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20
Q

The type of wound healing where there is extensive loss of tissue

A

Secondary intention

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21
Q

Granulation and fibrous tissues are needed to fill in a gap in this kind of wound healing.

A

Secondary intention

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22
Q

The type of wound healing where the wound is missing a large amount of tissue and is contaminated.

A

Tertiary intention

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23
Q

The type of wound healing where a skin graft may be required.

A

Tertiary intention

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24
Q

What is the number one cause of delayed wound healing?

A

Infection

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25
Q

Which enzyme is involves in the formation of prostaglandins association with pain and swelling?

A

Cox-2

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26
Q

Which enzyme is involves with the production of protective prostaglandins that help maintain the health of the gastric mucosa?

A

COX-1

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27
Q

Fluid that contains cells and proteins is called ______.

A

Exudate

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28
Q

Clear fluid

A

Serous

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29
Q

Sanguineous fluid

A

Blood

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30
Q

Part of the inflammatory response that causes vasodilation that helps get the blood where it needs to go.

A

Histamines

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31
Q

Elevates levels of white blood cells in the blood.

A

Leukocytosis

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32
Q

What does ESR mean?C

A

Erythrocytes sedimentation rate

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33
Q

What kind of medication can delay wound healing?

A

Corticosteroids

34
Q

Type of cells that continually divide and replicate, thus can replace and repair injured cells

A

Labile Cells

35
Q

Type of cells found in the liver and bone, can be induced to replicate with a strong enough stimulus

A

Stable cells

36
Q

Type of cells that cannot regenerate or replace lost or damage cells (ex: heart and brain)

A

Permanent cells

37
Q

Fluid inside of a blister

A

Clear transudate

38
Q

Carries the pathogen to the host

A

Vector

39
Q

Ability of the immune system to protect from infection

A

Immuno-competence

40
Q

Blood stream infection

A

Septicemia

41
Q

Common organisms that causes infections due to a weakened immune system

A

Opportunistic infection

42
Q

Perform advantageous function in the host

A

Normal flora

43
Q

Organisms that can lead to disease

A

Pathogens

44
Q

Health care acquired infections

A

Nosocomial

45
Q
  • Free living organism in the environment
  • Can be advantageous or pathogenic
  • Can be treated with antibiotics
A

Bacteria

46
Q
  • Depends on the host cel for their life cycle
  • Reprograms the host cell to synthesize viral particles
  • Can cause acute or chronic infections
  • Antibiotics do not work to treat these infections
A

Viral

47
Q
  • Mold like organisms

- Can cause local or systemic infections

A

Fungus

48
Q

Most common fungal infection

A

Candida (yeast)

49
Q

Consists of:

  • Protozoa
  • Helminths (Worms)
  • Insects
A

Parasites

50
Q

What the ways parasites can be transmitted?

A
  • Contaminated water
  • Soil
  • Food
  • Disease carrying insects
51
Q

The skin, mucous membranes, phagocytic cells, ciliated cells, and mediators of the inflammatory reactions are all examples of what immunity?

A

Innate

52
Q

The type of immunity that is nonspecific (defends body of all pathogens).

A

Innate immunity

53
Q

The type of immunity that is developed w/ exposure to antigens

A

Adapted immunity

54
Q

Can change the host cells proteins in the CNS (brain) to prion-type protein leading to spongiform encephalopathy

A

Prions

55
Q

Many organisms are transmitted by the ________________ system, but manifest somewhere else in the body.

A

Respiratory

56
Q

Methicillin-resistance staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are what type of bacteria?

A

Gram positive

57
Q

The most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

58
Q

Caused by bacteria including: neisseria meningitidis and haemophilia influenzae

A

Bacterial meningitis

59
Q

A highly contagious disease that invades the small and large intestines as a secondary infection related to long-term antibiotic therapies

A

C-Diff

60
Q

Causes annual outbreaks that are particularly worrisome for children, the elderly, and those with chronic illnesses. This virus contains surface antigen proteins that facilitate transport into the respiratory cells.

A

Influenza

61
Q
  • Acquired through droplet inhalation
  • Incubation of 10-21 days when infection can be transmitted
  • Classic macular, papular rash begins on face and trunk and moves to extremities
  • Chicken pox: kids; shingles: adults
A

Varicella virus

62
Q
  • Commonly found in the GI and GU tracts
  • Overgrowth in response to the disruption of normal flora due to antibiotic therapy
  • Common in moist, warm areas of the body
  • May be seen in immunocompromised patients; can occur systemically
A

Candida (yeast)

63
Q
  • Caused by consuming contaminated water or food when the parasite is in the cyst stage and resistant to GI acid
  • Can be transmitted via the fecal-oral route
  • THe clinical disorder is referred to as dysentery
A

Giardiasis

64
Q
  • I require the host cell to replicate where I cause changes in the host cells proteins
  • I am a rare fatal degenerative neurological disease
  • On a pathological exam, the brain appears spongy
  • Symptoms: memory loss, personality changes, speech impairment, muscle rigidity and seizures
A

Spongiform encephalopathy

65
Q

What is urticaria?

A

Hives

66
Q
  • What most people call “allergies”
  • Occurs in people who were previously exposed to an antigen
  • Hives, bronchial constriction, GI symptoms
  • involves the degranulation of mast cells after IgE antibodies encounter the antigen
  • Can be lifethreatening
A

Type I hypersensitivity

67
Q

Anaphylactic shock can cause blood pressure to ______.

A

Drop

68
Q

A reaction that is cytotoxic

Ex: a person receiving the wrong type of blood type

A

Type II hypersensitivity

69
Q

Type of hypersensitivity that is immune complexed.

*Deposits of immune substances in the body tissue

A

Type III hypersensitivity

70
Q

A delayed hypersensitivity reaction

Ex: exposure to poison oak

A

Type IV hypersensitivity

71
Q

When the immune system do not distinguish between self and non self antigens.

A

Autoimmune disorder

72
Q

Occurs when an infectious agent is composed of antigens that have the same amino acids sequences as some self-antigens.

A

Molecular mimicry

73
Q

The disease that is characterized by a butterfly rash on the face and forms immune complexes that deposit in the organs and tissues.
(Inflammation is triggered and damages organs)

A

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

74
Q

Body’s immune system attacks synovial tissue causing inflammation and destruction of cartilage, bones, tendons, and ligaments.
-The body’s immune system responds with B lymphocytes

A

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)

75
Q
  • Abnormal accumulation of fibrous tissue in skin and organs.
  • Inflammation causes injury to the endothelial lining of blood vessels allowing activates cells into the body systems that are affected
  • CREST syndrome
A

Scleroderma

76
Q

Scleroderma is also known as

A

Systemic sclerosis

77
Q
  • Attacks the CD4 T-cells and macrophages

- Slowly depletes the body’s immune system, both T Cell and B Cell immunity

A

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

78
Q

In scleroderma, what is one of main organs effected?

A

Esophagus

79
Q

How long does the seroconversion of HIV take?

A

2 weeks to 6 months

80
Q

CD4 cells are also called?

A

T helper cells

81
Q

The latent period of HIV cells can be how long?

-During this period opportunistic infections can arise

A

6 months to 10 years

82
Q

Decreased CD4 level (helper T cells) and onset of opportunistic infection

A

AIDS

Pathophysiology (8 decks)

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