Pain and Thermoregulation Flashcards
1
Q
afferent nerves
A
sensory INPUT to CNS
2
Q
afferent nerve types
A
A-beta
A-delta
C fibers
3
Q
A-beta conduction speed
A
FAST
30-70m/s
4
Q
A-beta size
A
large diameter
5
Q
A-beta myelinated?
A
myelinated
6
Q
A-beta action potential
A
mechanoreceptors
7
Q
A-beta NT
A
glutamate
8
Q
A-delta conduction speed
A
moderate
2-10 m/s
9
Q
A-delta size
A
thin
10
Q
A-delta myelinated?
A
yes - myelinated
11
Q
A-delta action potential
A
mechanoreceptors
nociceptors
- extreme temps
- fast pain
12
Q
A-delta NT
A
glutamate
13
Q
C fibers speeds
A
SLOW
1 m/s
14
Q
C fiber size
A
thin
15
Q
C fiber myelinated?
A
unmyelinated
16
Q
C fiber action potentials
A
mechanoreceptor
nociceptor
touch
slow pain
moderate temps
17
Q
C fiber NT
A
substance P
glutamate
18
Q
type of mechanoreceptros
A
hair follicles
meissner corpuscle
pacinian corpuscle
merkel cell
ruffinni corpuscle
C-Fiber LTM
mechanoreceptor polymodal
19
Q
hair follicle stimulus
A
light brush
20
Q
hair follicle fiberts
A
G-hair: A-beta
D-hair: A-delta
21
Q
hair follicle adaption/threshold
A
RA
LT
22
Q
hair follicle receptive fields
A
close together
23
Q
meissner corpuscle stimulus
A
dynamic deformation
braille
detecting slipping object
24
Q
meissner corpuscle fiber
A
A-beta on top of dermis
25
meissner corpuscle adaption/thershold
RA
LT
26
meissner corpuscle receptor field
spread out
27
pacinic corpuscle stimuls
vibration
tapping
28
pacinian corpuscle fiber
A-beta
base of dermis
29
pacinian corpuscle adaption/threshold
RA
LT
30
pacinian corpuscle receptor field
large
31
merkel cell stimulus
indentation depth
continuous touch
fine tactile
32
merkel cell fiber
A-beta
33
merkel cell adaption/threshold
SA
LT
34
rufini corpuscle stimulus
stretch
35
rufini corpuscle fiber
A-beta
middle of dermis
36
rufini corpuscle adaption/thershold
SA
LT
37
C-fiber LTM stimulus
touch
38
C-fiber location
C-fiber
epidermal layer
39
C-fiber adaption/threshold
SA
LT
40
mechanonocicpetor polymodal stimulsu
injurous forces
pain
temp
41
mechanonociceptor fibers
C fiber
A-delta
42
mechanonociceptor adaption/threshold
SA
HT
43
ascending for touch and pressure
dorsal column system (DCS)
44
touch and pressure cross over location
medulla (lower brain center)
45
touch/pressure fibers
A-beta
large
myelinated
46
touch/pressure spatial fidelity
high spatial fidelity
47
high spatial fidelity
no loss of information during transmission
48
ascending for pain/temp/light crude touch
anterorlateral system
- spinalthalmict tract (STT)
49
pain/temp/crude touch crosses over location
spinal cord
50
pain/temp/crude touch fibers
A-delta
- small myelinated
C-fiber
- unmyelinated
51
pain/temp/crude touch spatial fidelity
low spatial fidelity
52
low spatial fidelity
more loss to regions below thalamus during transmission
53
somatosensory control
postcentral gyrus
54
lateral somatosensory
oral
throat
abdomen
55
lateral superior somatosensory
hands
arms
eyes
nose
56
medial somatosensory
head
neck
legs
genitals
57
motor control
precentral gyrus
58
nociceptor fiber types
C fibers
A-delta
59
nociceptor characteristics (5)
wide distribution
free nerve endings
high threshold
-- hard to stimulate
specific to pain
do not adapt to stimulation
60
pain is proportional to
pain ~ tissue damage
61
what enhances pain
incr prostaglandins
incr substance P
62
substance P effects
incr vessel permeability
incr inflammation
incr pain sensitivity
incr histamine release
63
what induces pain
incr bradykinin
incr serotonin
incr histamine
incr K+
incr NGF
64
initial pain speed/finber
FAST
A-delta
65
pain after 1 second
SLOW
C fiber
66
TRPV1
Na+ IN
Ca2+ IN
depolarize
incr AP
incr PAIN
67
TTX- resistant VG Na+ channels
Na+ IN
depoalrize
incr AP
incr Pain
68
what activates TRPV1
bradykinin
Sub P
NGF
69
what activates TTX-resistant Vg Na+
PGE2
70
what inhibits PGE2
corticosteroids
NSAIDS
71
Fast pain fiber
A-delta
myelinated
72
fast pain NT
glutamate
73
fast pain duration
0.1 s
74
fast pain characteristic
sharp
localized
surface
75
fast pain tract
neospinothalamic tract
76
slow pain fibers
C fibers
unmyelinated
77
slow pain NT
Sub P
78
slow pain time
1s
79
slow pain characteristic
dull/throbbing
poor localization
deep tissue
80
slow pain tract
paleospinal tract
81
physiological pain is
Acute
82
when does physiological pain stop
once stimuli stops
83
what is relexive avoidance
helps decr tissue injury
84
is physiological pain responsive to treatment?
yes
85
pathological pain is
chronic
86
when does pathological pain stope
it does not stop when stimuli is removed
87
is pathalogical pain responsive to treatment
no
88
CNS reorganizes in what type of pain
pathalogical pain
89
CNS reorganization causes
hyperalgesia
90
dermatomes
ares of skin supplied by sensory neurons
91
dermatome sensory neurons arise from
spinal nerve ganglion in dorsal horn
92
tissue trauma analgesic
local anesthetic
antiinflammatory drugs
93
peripheral analgesia
local
opioids
alpha 2 adrenergics
94
brain analgesia
opioids
alpha 2 adrenergics
95
which is better for analgesia: corticosteroids or NSAIDs
corticosteroids
96
why?
coricosteroids decr immune response
97
corticosteroids inhibit
phospholipase A
arachadonic acid formation
98
NSAIDs inhibit
COX2
PGE formation
thromboxane formation
99
what neurons release endogenous NT
enkephalins
dynorphins
100
endogenous opiods work on what receptors
presynaptic opioid R
postsynaptic opioid R
101
what NTs do opioids inhibit
all of them
102
peripheral MuOR
decr CAMP
incr K+ OUT
decr Ca2+ IN
hyperpolarization
decr peripheral AP
103
distal MuOR
decr Ca2+ IN
decr NT release
104
postsynaptic MuOR
same as peripheral MuOR
105
Alpha 2 agonist binds
presynaptic alpha 2
106
blocking alpha 2 causes
decr Ca2+ IN
decr NT release
107
NMDA are located
postsynaptic
108
glutamate binding NMDA causes
Ca2+ IN
Na+ IN
depolarization
incr AP
109
what blocks NMDA
ketamine
Mg
110
what enhances NMDA
Sub P
111
what is the bodies thermostat
hypothalamus
112
hypothalamus monitors
heat produced vs heat lost
113
afferent thermal input fibers
A-delta
C fibers
114
are pyrogens afferent or efferent
afferent
115
pyrogens
change the hypothalmic set point
116
efferent outputs
temp
metabolism
117
temp control
arterioles
sweat glands
118
metabolic control
sk muscle (Shivering)
thyroid
119
increased set point
chills
vasoconstrict
piloerection
incr epi release
incr shivering
- incr HEAT
---incr body temp
120
decreased set point
sweating
vasodilation
incr evaporative cooling
incr radiation
121
shivering causes
incr CO2
incr H2O
incr heat
122
body response to low environmental temp
vasoconstriction
NE
Epi
123
body response to high environmental temp
vasodilation
Ach
124
radiation
60%
125
evaporation
22%
126
convection
15%
127
conduction
3%
128
how do you release heat if environment is greater than body temp?
evaporative cooling
129
sweating nerves
cholinergic sympathetic
130
sweat NT
Ach binds MR
131
sweat is a _____ volume
hypotonic
- reabs Na+/Cl-
- secrete H2O
132
atropine fever
atropine blocks MR on sweat gland
decr sweat production
decr evaporative cooling
incr body temp
133
increased body temp causes
incr firing
incr AP
incr sympa
vasodilation
== incr radiation
incr sweat gland activity
== incr evaporation
DECR body temp
134
decreased body temp causes
decr firing
decr AP
decr sympa
vasoconstiction
== decr radiation
shivering
== incr CO2/H2O/heat
INCR body temp
135
anesthesia causes
hypothermia
136
anesthetic hypothermia: phase 1
redistribution via peripheral vasodilation
137
phase 1 temp change
decr 1-2 deg C in 1st hr
138
phase 1 mechanism
increased radiation
139
phase 2 temp change
linear decrease over next 3 hrs
heat loss>> heat production
140
phase 2 mechanism
decreased resting metabolic rate
decreased heat production
141
phase 3
homeostasis after 3-5 hrs of anesthesia
heat loss = heat production
