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Su: Phys 2 > Endo 2 > Flashcards

Endo 2 Flashcards

1
Q

functional unit of exocrine pancreas

A

asinar cells

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2
Q

what secretes pancreatic digestive enzymes

A

asinar cells

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3
Q

what contains endocrine producing cells

A

islet of langerhans

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4
Q

beta cells

A

insulin

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5
Q

alpha cells

A

glucagon

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6
Q

delta cells

A

somatostatin

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7
Q

insulin _____ blood glu

A

decr

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8
Q

glucagon _____ blood glu

A

incr

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9
Q

somatostatin inhibits

A

insulin
glucagon

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10
Q

what happens if you remove pancreas

A

incr blood glu
incr FFA
incr ketones

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11
Q

incretins

A

GIP
GLP1

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12
Q

what increases insulin

A

hyperglycemia
incretins
AAs
glucagon

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13
Q

what decreases insulin

A

Ne/epi
cortisol
somatostatin
fasting/exercise

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14
Q

what increases glucagon

A

hypoglycemia
AA
Ne/epi/cortisol
fasting/exercise

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15
Q

what decr glucagon

A

incretins
insulin
somatostatin

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16
Q

what modulates insulin release

A

K+-ATP channel

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17
Q

leaky K+ATP channel

A

hyperpolarization
No insulin release

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18
Q

closed K+ATP channel

A

depolarization insulin release

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19
Q

what is proinsulin

A

alpha chain and beta chain connected by a C peptide

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20
Q

what directly closes K+ATP channel

A

sulfonylureas

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21
Q

what indirectly closes K+ATP channel

A

incretins

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22
Q

most K+ATP channels closed

A

depolarization
glucagon released

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23
Q

voltage inactivation occurs

A

when large depolarization happens

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24
Q

voltage inactivation causes

A

short glucagon release followed by inactivation of glucagon release

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25
Q

is insulin anabolic or catabolic

A

anabolic

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26
Q

how does sk muscle uptake glucose

A

GLUT4

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27
Q

adipocytes inhibit

A

hormone sensitive lipase to promote FA storgage

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28
Q

what is different about GLUT2

A

not insulin-sensitive

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29
Q

sk muscle insulin effects

A

incr Glu
incr AA

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30
Q

liver insulin effects

A

decr gluconeogenesis

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31
Q

adipocytes insulin effects

A

decr lipolysis

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32
Q

is glucagon anabolic or catabolic

A

catabolic

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33
Q

glucagon sk muscle effect

A

none

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34
Q

glucagon adipocyte effect

A

incr lipolysis

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35
Q

glucagon liver effect

A

incr glycogenolysis
incr gluconeogenesis
incr ketones

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36
Q

what is the function of DPP4

A

inactivate incretins
– decr insulin
– incr glucagon

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37
Q

DPP4 antagonist effects

A

incr insulin secretion
decr glucagon secretion

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38
Q

normal OG

A

2 hrs: <140 mg/dl
peak: < 200mg/dl

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39
Q

pre-diabetic/IR OG

A

> upper level normal
< diabetes

40
Q

diabetes OG

A

2 hrs: > 200mg/dL
remains above 200 for 1 additional measurement

41
Q

Type1 diabetes

A

autoimmune decr in beta cells resulting in low insulin
== hyperglycemia

42
Q

causes of T1d

A

viruses
cow milk

43
Q

insulin deficiency causes

A

incr glucagon
- decr glu uptake
- incr protein catabolism
- incr lipolysis

44
Q

insulin deficiency symptoms

A

dehydration
acidosis

severe: coma/death

45
Q

treat insulin deficiency

A

insulin
bicarb
iv fluids +- glucose

46
Q

insulin resistance

A

decr insulin receptor sensitivity
decr GLUT4 translocation

47
Q

an IR pt must secrete _____ insulin to transport glucose at same rate as non-IR pt

A

more

48
Q

IR

A

beta cell hyperplasia:
-normoglycemic
- hyperinsulinemia

49
Q

T2D early

A

beta cell fatigue
- hyperglycemia
- hyperinsulinemia

50
Q

T2D late

A

beta cell failure
- hyperglycemia
- hypoinsulinemia

51
Q

which stage of T2d is reversible

A

beta cell fatigue
and insulin resistance

52
Q

HbA1C

A

glycylated sugars on RBC
- long term view of blood sugar

53
Q

plasma Glu calculation

A

plasma Glu = (33.3x HbA1C) - 86

54
Q

normal hba1c

A

6

55
Q

normal blood gluy

A

114

56
Q

very poor hba1c

A

> 9

57
Q

very poor blood glu

A

> 214

58
Q

high HgA1c risks

A

incr m+m risk
decr neck mobility
decr lung function

59
Q

surgery effect o0n blood glu

A

incr glu production
decr glu uptake
== hyperglycemic state

60
Q

what inhibits Glu production in liver

A

insulin

61
Q

what stimulates Glu production in liver

A

T3/4
glucagon
catecholamines
cortisol
GH

62
Q

what stimulates Glu uptake in muscle/fat

A

insulin

63
Q

what inhibits Glu uptake in muscle/fat

A

cortisol
GH/IGF-1

64
Q

is more Ca2+ in urine or feces

A

feces

65
Q

incr free ca2+

A

acidosis

66
Q

incr protein-bound ca2+

A

alkalosis

67
Q

is more Pi in feces or urine

A

urine

68
Q

incr free Pi

A

acidosis

69
Q

incr protein bound Pi

A

alkalosis

70
Q

hypercalcemia effects

A

HTN
hypovolemia
decr GFR
short ST
short QT
coma

71
Q

hypercalcemia treatment

A

diuretic

72
Q

hypocalcemia effects

A

decr contractivity
hypotension
QT prolongation
laryngospam
C and T signs

73
Q

hypocalcemia treatment

A

IV CaCl

74
Q

hyperphosphatemia effects

A

AKI
CAD
hypocalcemia

75
Q

hyperphosphatemia treatment

A

dialysis
Pi-binding drugs

76
Q

hypophosphatemia effects

A

decr contractility
decr O2 delivery
decr 2,3 DPG (R shift)

77
Q

treat hypophsphatemia

A

IV Pi (emegency)
oral Pi w/vitamin D

78
Q

calcitonin

A

decr Ca2+

79
Q

PTH

A

incr Pi
incr Ca2+

80
Q

what stimulates calcitonin

A

incr Ca2+

81
Q

what incr Ca2+

A

incr PTH
incr calitriol

82
Q

what stimulates PTH

A

incr Pi

83
Q

what does PTH stimulate

A

calcitriol
ca2+
FGF-23

84
Q

what stimulates FGF-23

A

PTH
Pi
calcitriol

85
Q

what converts Vit D in the skin

A

UVB

86
Q

where is VitD3 converted to calcefidiol

A

liver

87
Q

where is calcifidiol converted to calcitriol

A

kidney

88
Q

what enzyme converty calcefidiol to calcitriol

A

1 alpha hydroxylase

89
Q

what stimulates conversion of calcefidiol to calcitirol

A

PTH

90
Q

high OPG/low RANKL

A

bone mx

91
Q

what triggers high OPG/low RANKL

A

E2
androgens

92
Q

high RANKL/low OPG

A

osteoclast formation
bone loss

93
Q

what triggers high RANKL/Low OPG

A

PTH
Vit D
glucocorticoids

94
Q

osteoclasts function

A

lysosome release
HCl secretion

95
Q

lysosome release function

A

dissolves collagen

96
Q

HCl secretion function

A

dissolves hydroxyappetite

97
Q
A

Su: Phys 2 (12 decks)

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