Endo 2

Question 1

functional unit of exocrine pancreas

Answer 1

asinar cells

Question 2

what secretes pancreatic digestive enzymes

Answer 2

asinar cells

Question 3

what contains endocrine producing cells

Answer 3

islet of langerhans

Question 4

beta cells

Answer 4

insulin

Question 5

alpha cells

Answer 5

glucagon

Question 6

delta cells

Answer 6

somatostatin

Question 7

insulin _____ blood glu

Answer 7

decr

Question 8

glucagon _____ blood glu

Answer 8

incr

Question 9

somatostatin inhibits

Answer 9

insulin
glucagon

Question 10

what happens if you remove pancreas

Answer 10

incr blood glu
incr FFA
incr ketones

Question 11

incretins

Answer 11

GIP
GLP1

Question 12

what increases insulin

Answer 12

hyperglycemia
incretins
AAs
glucagon

Question 13

what decreases insulin

Answer 13

Ne/epi
cortisol
somatostatin
fasting/exercise

Question 14

what increases glucagon

Answer 14

hypoglycemia
AA
Ne/epi/cortisol
fasting/exercise

Question 15

what decr glucagon

Answer 15

incretins
insulin
somatostatin

Question 16

what modulates insulin release

Answer 16

K+-ATP channel

Question 17

leaky K+ATP channel

Answer 17

hyperpolarization
No insulin release

Question 18

closed K+ATP channel

Answer 18

depolarization insulin release

Question 19

what is proinsulin

Answer 19

alpha chain and beta chain connected by a C peptide

Question 20

what directly closes K+ATP channel

Answer 20

sulfonylureas

Question 21

what indirectly closes K+ATP channel

Answer 21

incretins

Question 22

most K+ATP channels closed

Answer 22

depolarization
glucagon released

Question 23

voltage inactivation occurs

Answer 23

when large depolarization happens

Question 24

voltage inactivation causes

Answer 24

short glucagon release followed by inactivation of glucagon release

Question 25

is insulin anabolic or catabolic

Answer 25

anabolic

Question 26

how does sk muscle uptake glucose

Answer 26

GLUT4

Question 27

adipocytes inhibit

Answer 27

hormone sensitive lipase to promote FA storgage

Question 28

what is different about GLUT2

Answer 28

not insulin-sensitive

Question 29

sk muscle insulin effects

Answer 29

incr Glu incr AA

Question 30

liver insulin effects

Answer 30

decr gluconeogenesis

Question 31

adipocytes insulin effects

Answer 31

decr lipolysis

Question 32

is glucagon anabolic or catabolic

Answer 32

catabolic

Question 33

glucagon sk muscle effect

Answer 33

none

Question 34

glucagon adipocyte effect

Answer 34

incr lipolysis

Question 35

glucagon liver effect

Answer 35

incr glycogenolysis incr gluconeogenesis incr ketones

Question 36

what is the function of DPP4

Answer 36

inactivate incretins -- decr insulin -- incr glucagon

Question 37

DPP4 antagonist effects

Answer 37

incr insulin secretion decr glucagon secretion

Question 38

normal OG

Answer 38

2 hrs: <140 mg/dl peak: < 200mg/dl

Question 39

pre-diabetic/IR OG

Answer 39

> upper level normal < diabetes

Question 40

diabetes OG

Answer 40

2 hrs: > 200mg/dL remains above 200 for 1 additional measurement

Question 41

Type1 diabetes

Answer 41

autoimmune decr in beta cells resulting in low insulin == hyperglycemia

Question 42

causes of T1d

Answer 42

viruses cow milk

Question 43

insulin deficiency causes

Answer 43

incr glucagon - decr glu uptake - incr protein catabolism - incr lipolysis

Question 44

insulin deficiency symptoms

Answer 44

dehydration acidosis severe: coma/death

Question 45

treat insulin deficiency

Answer 45

insulin bicarb iv fluids +- glucose

Question 46

insulin resistance

Answer 46

decr insulin receptor sensitivity decr GLUT4 translocation

Question 47

an IR pt must secrete _____ insulin to transport glucose at same rate as non-IR pt

Answer 47

more

Question 48

IR

Answer 48

beta cell hyperplasia: -normoglycemic - hyperinsulinemia

Question 49

T2D early

Answer 49

beta cell fatigue - hyperglycemia - hyperinsulinemia

Question 50

T2D late

Answer 50

beta cell failure - hyperglycemia - hypoinsulinemia

Question 51

which stage of T2d is reversible

Answer 51

beta cell fatigue and insulin resistance

Question 52

HbA1C

Answer 52

glycylated sugars on RBC - long term view of blood sugar

Question 53

plasma Glu calculation

Answer 53

plasma Glu = (33.3x HbA1C) - 86

Question 54

normal hba1c

Answer 54

6

Question 55

normal blood gluy

Answer 55

114

Question 56

very poor hba1c

Answer 56

>9

Question 57

very poor blood glu

Answer 57

>214

Question 58

high HgA1c risks

Answer 58

incr m+m risk decr neck mobility decr lung function

Question 59

surgery effect o0n blood glu

Answer 59

incr glu production decr glu uptake == hyperglycemic state

Question 60

what inhibits Glu production in liver

Answer 60

insulin

Question 61

what stimulates Glu production in liver

Answer 61

T3/4 glucagon catecholamines cortisol GH

Question 62

what stimulates Glu uptake in muscle/fat

Answer 62

insulin

Question 63

what inhibits Glu uptake in muscle/fat

Answer 63

cortisol GH/IGF-1

Question 64

is more Ca2+ in urine or feces

Answer 64

feces

Question 65

incr free ca2+

Answer 65

acidosis

Question 66

incr protein-bound ca2+

Answer 66

alkalosis

Question 67

is more Pi in feces or urine

Answer 67

urine

Question 68

incr free Pi

Answer 68

acidosis

Question 69

incr protein bound Pi

Answer 69

alkalosis

Question 70

hypercalcemia effects

Answer 70

HTN hypovolemia decr GFR short ST short QT coma

Question 71

hypercalcemia treatment

Answer 71

diuretic

Question 72

hypocalcemia effects

Answer 72

decr contractivity hypotension QT prolongation laryngospam C and T signs

Question 73

hypocalcemia treatment

Answer 73

IV CaCl

Question 74

hyperphosphatemia effects

Answer 74

AKI CAD hypocalcemia

Question 75

hyperphosphatemia treatment

Answer 75

dialysis Pi-binding drugs

Question 76

hypophosphatemia effects

Answer 76

decr contractility decr O2 delivery decr 2,3 DPG (R shift)

Question 77

treat hypophsphatemia

Answer 77

IV Pi (emegency) oral Pi w/vitamin D

Question 78

calcitonin

Answer 78

decr Ca2+

Question 79

PTH

Answer 79

incr Pi incr Ca2+

Question 80

what stimulates calcitonin

Answer 80

incr Ca2+

Question 81

what incr Ca2+

Answer 81

incr PTH incr calitriol

Question 82

what stimulates PTH

Answer 82

incr Pi

Question 83

what does PTH stimulate

Answer 83

calcitriol ca2+ FGF-23

Question 84

what stimulates FGF-23

Answer 84

PTH Pi calcitriol

Question 85

what converts Vit D in the skin

Answer 85

UVB

Question 86

where is VitD3 converted to calcefidiol

Answer 86

liver

Question 87

where is calcifidiol converted to calcitriol

Answer 87

kidney

Question 88

what enzyme converty calcefidiol to calcitriol

Answer 88

1 alpha hydroxylase

Question 89

what stimulates conversion of calcefidiol to calcitirol

Answer 89

PTH

Question 90

high OPG/low RANKL

Answer 90

bone mx

Question 91

what triggers high OPG/low RANKL

Answer 91

E2 androgens

Question 92

high RANKL/low OPG

Answer 92

osteoclast formation bone loss

Question 93

what triggers high RANKL/Low OPG

Answer 93

PTH Vit D glucocorticoids

Question 94

osteoclasts function

Answer 94

lysosome release HCl secretion

Question 95

lysosome release function

Answer 95

dissolves collagen

Question 96

HCl secretion function

Answer 96

dissolves hydroxyappetite