Pain and Osteoarthritis Flashcards
Nociceptors*
Neurons that detect pain
Nociceptive Pain*
Nociceptors are activated in response to actual or impending tissue injury
Endorphins *
Group of hormones secreted within brain and nervous system
Activate body’s opiate receptors causing analgesic(relives pain) effect
Referred Pain*
Originated at visceral but perceived as originating form another part of the body.
Ruffini Ending*
Sense stretch of skin pressure on skin and perception of heat
Neospinothalamic Tract*
- rapid transmission of sensory signals to thalamus
- transmit sharp-fast pain info
- pain experienced as bright, sharp or stabbing
- identify precise location of pain
Neuropathic Pain*
Arises from direct injury to nerves (damage to somatosensory nervous system)
Osteoporosis*
Disease that occurs when body loses bone or makes too little bone resulting in weak bones
Causes of Osteoporosis*
- aging
- endocrine disorders or malignancy
Risk Factors for Osteoporosis*
- personal characteristics (post menopause, female, family history)
- lifestyle (calcium deficiency, diet, excessive alcohol/caffeine/smoking)
- disease
- drug related
Treatment for Osteoporosis *
- weight bearing exercise (walking, jogging, weight lifting)
- adequate calcium intake
- anabolic agent (medication)
- antiresorptive agent (medication)
Osteoarthritis*
Painful degenerative joint disease
-occurs as localized or generalized
Cause of Osteoarthritis*
- post inflammatory disease
- post traumatic injury
- disorders of bone
- metabolic disorders
- neuropathic arthritis
- hereditary
- idiopathic (unknown)
Osteoarthritis Induced Joint Changes*
- loss of articular cartilage
- synovitis
- bone spurs
- osteophytes
- joint pain
- stiffness
- limited mobility
- deformity
Somatosensory Cortex*
Pain information perceived and interpreted
Osteosclerosis*
Abnormal hardening of the bone and an elevation of bone density
Neurons
Afferent
Efferent
Afferent Neurons
Sensation (feel heat or pain)
Efferent Neurons
Response (move hand from hot stove)
Types of Sensory System Neurons
First Order
Second Order
Third Order
First Order
Sensory info from periphery to CNS
Third Order
Information relayed from thalamus to cerebral cortex
Mechanisms of Pain
First Order Neurons
Second Order Neurons
Third Order Neurons
First Order Neurons
Nociceptors - detect stimuli that threaten the integrity of innervated tissues
Second Order Neurons
A8 Fibers (fast) - process nociceptor information
Third Order Neurons
C Fibers (slow) - project pain information to brain
Discriminative Pathway
Crosses at base of medulla
Relays info to brain for perception, arousal and motor control
Anterolateral Pathway
Transmission of sensory info that does not require localization of source or intensity
Paleospinothalamic Tract
- Slow transmission that do not localize or define intensity
- Project into intralaminar nuclei
- diffuse dull, aching or unpleasant sensation associated with chronic or visceral pain
Limbic System*
Emotional components of pain are experienced
Brain Stem Centers
Autonomic nervous system responses recruited
Allodynia
Pain from non-injurious skin stimuli
Hyperalgesia
Extreme sensitivity to pain
Hyperesthesia
Pathological sensitivity to sensory stimuli
Hypoesthesia
Impairment of tactile stimulation
Paresthesia
Abnormal tingling or prickling sensation
Hyperpathia
Clinical symptom of nerve damage, exaggerated level of pain
Analgesia
Absence of pain
Hypoalgesia
Absence of pain from normally painful stimuli
Pain threshold
Point where stimulus is perceived painful
Pain tolerance
Maximum intensity or duration of pain a person can endure before wanting something done
Cutaneous Pain
Sharp and burning originating in skin or subcutaneous tissue
Deep Pain
Diffuse and throbbing originating in deeper body structures
Second Order
Communication between reflex networks and sensory pathways in spinal cord that travel directly to the thalamus
Visceral Pain
Diffuse, poorly defined as a result of stretching, distension or ischemia of tissues
Phantom Limb Pain
Neurological pain, associated with amputation
Internal Pain Relief
Endorphins - bind to same receptors as opioids
Encephalin- bind to specific receptors
Dynorphins
Assessing Pain
- nature
- severity
- location
- radiation
- verbal descriptors
- numeric pain intensity
- visual analogs
