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Pathophysiology > Pain and Osteoarthritis > Flashcards

Pain and Osteoarthritis Flashcards

1
Q

Nociceptors*

A

Neurons that detect pain

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2
Q

Nociceptive Pain*

A

Nociceptors are activated in response to actual or impending tissue injury

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3
Q

Endorphins *

A

Group of hormones secreted within brain and nervous system

Activate body’s opiate receptors causing analgesic(relives pain) effect

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4
Q

Referred Pain*

A

Originated at visceral but perceived as originating form another part of the body.

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5
Q

Ruffini Ending*

A

Sense stretch of skin pressure on skin and perception of heat

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6
Q

Neospinothalamic Tract*

A
  • rapid transmission of sensory signals to thalamus
  • transmit sharp-fast pain info
  • pain experienced as bright, sharp or stabbing
  • identify precise location of pain
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7
Q

Neuropathic Pain*

A

Arises from direct injury to nerves (damage to somatosensory nervous system)

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8
Q

Osteoporosis*

A

Disease that occurs when body loses bone or makes too little bone resulting in weak bones

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9
Q

Causes of Osteoporosis*

A
  • aging

- endocrine disorders or malignancy

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10
Q

Risk Factors for Osteoporosis*

A
  • personal characteristics (post menopause, female, family history)
  • lifestyle (calcium deficiency, diet, excessive alcohol/caffeine/smoking)
  • disease
  • drug related
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11
Q

Treatment for Osteoporosis *

A
  • weight bearing exercise (walking, jogging, weight lifting)
  • adequate calcium intake
  • anabolic agent (medication)
  • antiresorptive agent (medication)
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12
Q

Osteoarthritis*

A

Painful degenerative joint disease

-occurs as localized or generalized

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13
Q

Cause of Osteoarthritis*

A
  • post inflammatory disease
  • post traumatic injury
  • disorders of bone
  • metabolic disorders
  • neuropathic arthritis
  • hereditary
  • idiopathic (unknown)
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14
Q

Osteoarthritis Induced Joint Changes*

A
  • loss of articular cartilage
  • synovitis
  • bone spurs
  • osteophytes
  • joint pain
  • stiffness
  • limited mobility
  • deformity
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15
Q

Somatosensory Cortex*

A

Pain information perceived and interpreted

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16
Q

Osteosclerosis*

A

Abnormal hardening of the bone and an elevation of bone density

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17
Q

Neurons

A

Afferent

Efferent

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18
Q

Afferent Neurons

A

Sensation (feel heat or pain)

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19
Q

Efferent Neurons

A

Response (move hand from hot stove)

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20
Q

Types of Sensory System Neurons

A

First Order
Second Order
Third Order

21
Q

First Order

A

Sensory info from periphery to CNS

22
Q

Third Order

A

Information relayed from thalamus to cerebral cortex

23
Q

Mechanisms of Pain

A

First Order Neurons
Second Order Neurons
Third Order Neurons

24
Q

First Order Neurons

A

Nociceptors - detect stimuli that threaten the integrity of innervated tissues

25
Q

Second Order Neurons

A

A8 Fibers (fast) - process nociceptor information

26
Q

Third Order Neurons

A

C Fibers (slow) - project pain information to brain

27
Q

Discriminative Pathway

A

Crosses at base of medulla

Relays info to brain for perception, arousal and motor control

28
Q

Anterolateral Pathway

A

Transmission of sensory info that does not require localization of source or intensity

29
Q

Paleospinothalamic Tract

A
  • Slow transmission that do not localize or define intensity
  • Project into intralaminar nuclei
  • diffuse dull, aching or unpleasant sensation associated with chronic or visceral pain
30
Q

Limbic System*

A

Emotional components of pain are experienced

31
Q

Brain Stem Centers

A

Autonomic nervous system responses recruited

32
Q

Allodynia

A

Pain from non-injurious skin stimuli

33
Q

Hyperalgesia

A

Extreme sensitivity to pain

34
Q

Hyperesthesia

A

Pathological sensitivity to sensory stimuli

35
Q

Hypoesthesia

A

Impairment of tactile stimulation

36
Q

Paresthesia

A

Abnormal tingling or prickling sensation

37
Q

Hyperpathia

A

Clinical symptom of nerve damage, exaggerated level of pain

38
Q

Analgesia

A

Absence of pain

39
Q

Hypoalgesia

A

Absence of pain from normally painful stimuli

40
Q

Pain threshold

A

Point where stimulus is perceived painful

41
Q

Pain tolerance

A

Maximum intensity or duration of pain a person can endure before wanting something done

42
Q

Cutaneous Pain

A

Sharp and burning originating in skin or subcutaneous tissue

43
Q

Deep Pain

A

Diffuse and throbbing originating in deeper body structures

44
Q

Second Order

A

Communication between reflex networks and sensory pathways in spinal cord that travel directly to the thalamus

45
Q

Visceral Pain

A

Diffuse, poorly defined as a result of stretching, distension or ischemia of tissues

46
Q

Phantom Limb Pain

A

Neurological pain, associated with amputation

47
Q

Internal Pain Relief

A

Endorphins - bind to same receptors as opioids
Encephalin- bind to specific receptors
Dynorphins

48
Q

Assessing Pain

A
  • nature
  • severity
  • location
  • radiation
  • verbal descriptors
  • numeric pain intensity
  • visual analogs

Pathophysiology (10 decks)

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