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Semester Four > Pain and Analgesia > Flashcards

Pain and Analgesia Flashcards

1
Q

What is the physiological definition of pain?

A

Fast and first pain; to alert one to relieve from the stimulus

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2
Q

-algia =

A

Pain

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3
Q

-algesia =

A

sensitivity to pain

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4
Q

nocere =

A

to injure

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5
Q

Nociceptors =

A

These are pain receptors; specifically sensitive to chemicals that cause or alert pain

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6
Q

Osmoreceptor=

A

Receptor sensitive to water

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7
Q

What is the function of the skin?

A

To protect, to feel- the skin is responsible for sensation.

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8
Q

What can we call sensations that we can feel on our skin?

A

Somatic sensations

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9
Q

What do we call sensations we feel inside our bodies?

A

Visceral sensations

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10
Q

What receptor does Acetlycholine fit into?

A

Muscarinic receptor

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11
Q

Describe reflexes?

A

Reflexes start when a stimulus hits into an receptor, and the sensory neuron (afferent) goes to the spinal integration center, and the motor neuron (efferent) to the effector to start the reflex to move away from the sense of pain

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12
Q

Afferent =

A

Travelling to somewhere (arriving)

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13
Q

Efferent =

A

Traveling outwards or away from something

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14
Q

The only way that the brain will know when you have had a reflex action is when…

A

The afferent neuron arrives into the spinal integration; and the sensory neuron also goes to the CNS, as well as activating the motor neuron to do something.

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15
Q

What does the sensory pathway consist of?

A

Three neurons and two synpases

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16
Q

What are the three neurons?

A

PERIPHERAL- to-SPINAL to- THALAMUS (then to-Brain)

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17
Q

Describe the sensory pathway?

A

The peripheral neuron arrives into the spinal cord, activating the spinal cord neuron (which contains the pain pathway crossover, to send appropriate message to the appropriate side of the brain) which then travels to the thalamus which then goes to CNS to interpret the pain.

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18
Q

Where is the pain pathway?

A

The spinothalamic tract (from the spine to the thalamus)

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19
Q

Why is pain a sign?

A

Because we can see the behaviour that goes along with the pain, and it can be measured on the pain scale (objective)

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20
Q

Pain is also a symptom because =

A

It is a subjective interpretation from the particular person

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21
Q

What is the physiological function of pain?

A

The process of the pain moving along the sensory pathway

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22
Q

What is the affective component of pain?

A

The motivational aspect of pain

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23
Q

What is the sensory component of pain?

A

The discriminative aspect of pain

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24
Q

What are the four components of physiology of pain?

A
  • Transduction
  • Transmission
  • Perception
  • Modulation
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25
Q

What is transduction?

A
  • conversion of stimulus into action potential (chemicals + receptors) (Changing one energy to another.
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26
Q

What is transmission?

A
  • pain transmission (sensory pathway, impulse conduction) (Sending impulse up to the brain)
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27
Q

What is perception?

A

interpretation (sensation, appreciation, conscious experience). (NOW WE KNOW THAT WE HAVE GOT PAIN).

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28
Q

What is modulation?

A

modification- how are we going to stop the pain

(suppression, inhibition of impulse)

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29
Q

Describe pain at the tissue level:

A

The free nerve endings start a reaction in the nociceptors. The Chemicals stimulate nociceptors = local depolarisation = transduction (change chemical energy to electrical energy)

30
Q

Name two of the pain mediators that are released by damaged cells

A
  • Histamines and prostaglandins
31
Q

What do prostaglandins do?

A

They stimulate the nociceptors and we feel pain. (This is transduction; chemical into electrical)

32
Q

How do the damaged cell release prostaglandins

A

Phospholipids (cell membrane) – release arachidonic acid – metabolised by COX (cyclooxygenase) into prostaglandins and later into leukotrienes

33
Q

PG =

A

Prostaglandins

34
Q

If we give a medication that stops the COX enzyme what happens?

A

It blocks the COX enzyme, stopping the creation of prostaglandins = no pain.

35
Q

A lot of NSAID do what?

A

Block the COX enzymes, blocking pain. [COX inhibitors]

36
Q

If the cause of the pain is inflammatory, what kind of medication would you give?

A

An anti-infammatory drug.

37
Q

Paracetamol does what?

A

Anti-pyrogenic and analgesic.

38
Q

Describe the nociceptive neuron C fibre:

A

90% of pain fibers, polymodal receptors (more general), unmyelinated, small, slow (0.5–2µm, 0.5-1m/sec), poorly localised, dull ache, visceral pain, paleospinothalamic tract

39
Q

Describe the nociceptive neuron A-delta:

A

10%, mechanoreceptors, myelinated, sharp pain, high threshold, large, fast (2-5µm, 4-30m/sec), well localized, part of reflex, neospinothalamic tract

40
Q

What does pain innervation mean?

A

the distribution or supply of nerves to a part

41
Q

What is substance P and where is it released:

A

It is a neurotransmitter released at synapse from 1st neuron to the 2nd neuron in the sensory pathway

42
Q

What is the pain innervation of the parasympathetic system?

A

Parasympathetic – oesophagus, trachea, rectum, urethra, vagina, prostate

43
Q

What is the pain innervation of the sympathetic system?

A

Sympathetic – lungs, stomach, intestines, bladder, uterus

44
Q

What does decussation mean?

A

‘Crossing Over’

45
Q

If you hurt your left side, and have had a CVA in the right side of your brain, will you be able to localise and feel that pain?

46
Q

Modulation =

A

Altering or reducing pain perception

This is done by endogenous endorphins; using our body’s natural pain relief

47
Q

What is the gate theory?

A

Massaging the area through modulation actually changes the pathway and stimulates the C-fibres, which are slow neurons which help dull the ache

48
Q

How does modulation work?

A

It releases endorphines that go to the fist neuron that has received the pain chemicals; and tells the neuron to stop producing substance P.

49
Q

Mu-1 receptors are specifically for what?

50
Q

What kind of substance is morphine?

A

An opioid; our body has natural opioids that help to modulate our pain.

51
Q

What is neurogenic pain?

A

or neuropathic pain – damage to nerve (severe, long lasting, difficult to treat)

52
Q

What is nociceptive pain?

A 
somatic, deep or superficial (trauma, short, easy to treat)
   or visceral (severe, longer, more treatment)
53
Q

What is psychogenic pain?

A

real pain, no cause, difficult to treat

54
Q

What is the pain threshold?

A

the point at which the sensation of pain is initiated by tissue damage does not vary much between people, physiological

55
Q

What is pain tolerance?

A

the point at which pain becomes unbearable – varies widely among individuals and also in a single individual under different circumstances, psychological
ethnicity, genetics, gender, culture

56
Q

Referred pain =

A

pain felt in a part of the body other than its actual source.

57
Q

What is normal sensory threshold for sensory stimulus?

58
Q

What is the normal pain threshold?

A

Above normal sensory level

59
Q

Physiologically we all have the:

A

Same pain threshold- we all need the same amount of pain to FEEL IT. We just PERCEIVE and TOLERATE it differently.

60
Q

There is no adaptation in what receptors?

A

Nociceptors [they continue to physiologically feel the same pain as they always have]

61
Q

If you give too much morphine what should you give and why?

A

Naloxone because it is an antagonist (blocks opioid receptors)

62
Q

What is an adujvent?

A

a substance which enhances the body’s immune response to an antigen.

63
Q

What are examples of analgesia (prevents pain receptors from receiving signals)

A
  • anti-prostaglandins
    • anti-histamines
    • COX-inhibitors
    • local anaesthetic
    • hot or cold agents
64
Q

What are examples of Non-narcotic analgesics ?

A

NSAID eg diclofenac, ibuprofen
Aspirin
Paracetamol

65
Q

What are examples of Narcotic analgesics?

A

Agonists - morphine, pethidine, tramadol, codeine, oxycodone, methadone
Partial agonists – buprenorphine (slow, not so good)

Antagonist – naloxone (blocks opioid receptors)

66
Q

What is an antagonist?

A

substance which interferes with or inhibits the physiological action of another.

67
Q

What is a nerve block?

A

Injects local anaesthetic into nerve to stop impulse registering pain

68
Q

What are the narcotic effects on the peripheral system?

A

decreased gut motility, spasms of sphincters, suppresses spinal reflexes, bronchoconstriction, itchin

69
Q

What are the narcotic effects on the central system?

A

analgesia, suppress cough reflex and respiratory centre, sedation, sleep, euphoria, dysphoria, nausea + vomiting, prolonged labour, hypotension, tolerance + dependence

70
Q

What is the difference between opiate and opioid?

A

Opiate – from plant eg morphine

Opioid – synthetic eg pethidine

71
Q

Name two types of drugs that alters patients interpretation:

A

narcotics and antidepressants

72
Q

Name two types of drugs that decreases patients perception:

A

anxiolytics and hypnosis

Semester Four (20 decks)

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