pain Flashcards
pain, light touch, pressure, temperature, proprioception
General senses
mechanoreceptor
chemoreceptor
thermoreceptor
photoreceptor
nociceptor
mechanical/touch.pressure
chemical on blood/food/air
activated by heat or cold
activate by light
activate by painful stimuli
stimulus sense organ receptor cell action potential cns
Sensory pathway
pain, temperature, touch
unencapsulated free nerve
deep pressure, light touch
encapsulated
unpleasant sensation associated with potential tissue damage by specific nerve orf brain
pain
receptor afferent pathway integration center efferent pathway effector
pain pathology
carry sensory impulse from body to brain
Peripheral NS-spinal gate dorsal horn- CNS
Afferent pathway (sensory nerves)
in brainstem, midbrain, diencephalon, cerebral cortex
interpretive centers
carry impulse from brain to muscle receptor, descend from CNS to dorsal horn of spinal cord
efferent pathway (motor nerves)
protective mechanism most common medical attention subjective -delay healing -result in tolerance -stimulate stress response
Pain
Point which stimulus is perceived as pain
pain threshold
maximum intensity that a person will endure before wanting action
pain tolerance
pain from: stimuli to joint skin muscle
- easy to pinpoint
somatic pain
pain from: stimuli to organs, expansion pressure hypoxia
vague and diffuse
sensed at other locations on body (reffered)
visceral pain
abnormal pressure of sensory input by nervous system bc of damage to brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves
tends to be chronic and intractable
neuropathic pain
result of trauma/disease to peripheral nerve
peripheral pain
cause by lesion or dysfunction in the spinal cord or brain
central pain
nociceptic or neurogenic pain
persistent or intermittent
last 3-6months
related to tissue,inflammation or injury
result in: depression, difficulty sleeping, eating
chronic pain
chronic progressing pain that is unrelenting and dibilitating
drugs dont help
common in severe injury ie crushing nerves
intractable pain
distracting stimulus may negate pain
gate control theory
active generation of subjective experiences through a network of neurons
neuromatrix theory
inhibit transmission of pain and impulses in spinal and brain by binding to receptors
endorphins
sensory receptor stop generating impulse after extended use
adaptation
maintains core body temp
97-100
mediate by hypothalamus, thermoreceptor, skin, spinal cord, abs
thermoregulation
heat production by chemical reaction of metabolism in liver, muscle tone and contraction
amount affected by: food consumption, physical activity, hormone levels
heat distribute by circulatory system
mechanism of heat production and loss
vasoconstriction: blood shunt from periphery to core
chemical thermogenesis: release thyroxine and epinephrine to increase metabolism
shiver
Heat conservation- INVOLUNTARY
more clothing, movement
heat conservation- VOLUNTARY
temporary resetting of hypothalamic thermostat to higher level
- response to endo or exogenic pyroxen
- decrease serumL iron,zinc, copper
- lysosomal breakdown and autodestruction
enhance phagocytosis
fever
not mediated by pyrogen, set point no reset
causes: environment, genetic abnormality, injury to hypo, meds
nerve damage, coagulate protein and death
convulsions
hyperthermia
heat cramps, heat exhaustions, heat stroke, malignant hyperthermia
accidental hyperthermia
body temp falls below 93.2
depression of cns and respiratory
vasoconstriction, increase blood viscosity and ischemic tissue damage,
cell rupture and die
hypothermia
Risk:
infants due to heat conservation
-ineffective shiver, little Sub Q fat, large surface area to body mass
Risk populatijon
slow circulation skin functiojn decrease heat producing activity slow metabolism diminish sweating
risk population
