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Pathophysiology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

coagulative necrosis with impaired bloodflow and bacterial invasion

A

Gangrene

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2
Q

enzyme dissolve and liquefy necrotic cells

A

liquefaction necrosis

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3
Q

necrotic debris remain

A

caseous necrosis

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4
Q

lipase enzyme break down intracellular triglyceride to fat

A

fat necrosis

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5
Q

interruption of blood flow

A

coagulative necrosis

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6
Q

dry brown/black skin with minimal bacterial infection

A

dry gangrene

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7
Q

with liquefaction necrosis dmg from bacteria and white blood cell produce wound

A

wet gangrene

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8
Q

presence of Clostridium

A

gas gangrene

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9
Q

tumor, cell growth not responding to normal regulator process.

A

neoplasm

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10
Q

uncontrolled growth

A

cancer

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11
Q

loss of differentiation occurring with cancer

A

anaplasia

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12
Q

less anaplastic tumor cells producing rapidly but cause fewer problems

A

benign

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13
Q

spread

A

metastasize

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14
Q

anaplastic, nonfunctioning cells reproducing rapidly

A

malignant

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15
Q

eradicate disease

treat or increase comfort

prevent disease

A

curative

palliative

prophylactic

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16
Q

likelihood of surviving cancer

A

prognosis

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17
Q

cancer responded to treatment and is under control

A

remission

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18
Q

study of heredity

A

genetics

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19
Q

birth defects

A

congenital defects

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20
Q

cellular instruction and information carried in

A

genes

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21
Q

template of protein synthesis

A

DNA

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22
Q

double stranded chain of nucleotide

A

chromosome

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23
Q

22 set paired chromosomes

A

autosomes

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24
Q

representation of individual chromosome

A

karyotype

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25
Q

physical expression of gene

A

phenotype

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26
Q

absence of diploid (normal chromosome)

most common is down’s syndrome

A

autosomal aneuploid

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27
Q

single gene mutation passed from affected parent to offspring

A

autosomal dominant

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28
Q

gene that has many variation

A

allele

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29
Q

single gene mutation passed from affect parent to offspring only in homozygous allele pair

A

autosomal recessive

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30
Q

euploid cell has more than diploid number of chromosome

A

polypoidy

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31
Q

3 chromosome XXY

testicle fail to mature
gyno
sexual dysfunction

A

klinefelter’s syndrome

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32
Q

only one XY chromosome due to deletion of part or al of chromosome

short
lymphedema of hand and feet

A

turner’s syndrome

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33
Q

percentage of individual with genotype and also express phenotype

A

penetrance

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34
Q

extent of variation in phenotype associated with genotype

A

expression

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35
Q

deficiency of enzyme phenylalanine for conversion to tyrosine due to mutation on chromosome 12

failure to meet milestone
microcephaly
seizure
hyperactive

A

PKU

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36
Q

deficiency of hexosaminidase, lysosomal enzyme necessary to metabolize lipids and destroy nerve cells

vision, hearing, loss
paralysis
seizures

A

taysach’s

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37
Q

neurogenic tumor from schwann cells

Type 1: raised lumps
type 2: tumor cause hearing loss

A

neurofibromatosis

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38
Q

gene located on x (sex) chromosome

single recessive copy effect male

2 required for female

A

sex linked

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39
Q

x-linked dominant disorder, failure to express protein for neural development

intellectual, learning disability
prominant jaw and forhead

A

fragile x syndrome

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40
Q

3 copies of chromosome 21

delayed puberty, intellectual disability
distinctive facial features

A

down’s syndrome

41
Q

tidal volume increase, decrease then apnea due to slowed bloodflow

A

cheyne stokes

42
Q

deep rapid breathes due to acidosis

A

kussmaul respiration

43
Q

reduced oxygenation of arterial blood

A

hypoxemia

44
Q

reduced blood flow to tissues

A

ischemia

45
Q

hypoxia

A

insufficient oxygen reaching cell

46
Q

lack of oxygen in body tissue

A

anoxia

47
Q

cell death through swelling

A

necrosis

48
Q

c02 removal doesnt keep up with c02 production, causes hypercapnea, respiratory acidosis

A

hypoventilation

49
Q

losing too much c02, hypocapnea, respiratory alkalosis

A

hyperventilation

50
Q

chronic pulmonary disease produce intermittent reversible airway obstruction

A

asthma

51
Q

group of irreversible chronic respiratory disorder

A

COPD

52
Q

obstructive respiratory disorder not caused by infection and symptoms last longer, cigarette smoking

A

chronic bronchitis

53
Q

destruction of alveolar walls, permanently inflated alveoli

A

emphysema

54
Q

inherited respiratory disorder, dysplasia of cells of saliva, mucus, sweat

A

cystic fibrosis

55
Q

excess fluid in pleural cavity,

chest pain, dyspnea, dimished lung sounds

A

pleural effusion

56
Q

air in pleural cavity

sudden chest pain, chest tightness, dyspnea, asymmetrical chest movement

A

pneumothorax

57
Q

sudden failure of respiratory system due to fluid accumulation in alveoli.

A

Acute respiratory destress syndrome

58
Q

incomplete alveolar expansion, alveolar walls stick together

surfectant deficient, lung compression, increased surface tenion

A

atelectasis

59
Q

abnormal concentration of serum lipoprotein

Bp change, skin change

A

dyslipidemia

60
Q

intra-arterial fat and fibrin harden over time

A

athlerosclerosis

61
Q

consistent elevation of systemic blood pressure

increase vascular volume (low sodium)

increase vessel tension

A

hypertension

62
Q

sudden higher BP than primary HTN

caused by underlying disease or medication

A

secondary hypertension

63
Q

dilation or outpouching of of vessel wall or cardiac chamber

A

aneurism

64
Q

poor arterial perfusion to extremities

delayed capillary refill time

A

Peripheral Arterial Disease

65
Q

valvular incompetence, blood leaks backwards

vericose veins, inactivity, obesity, age

A

Venous insufficiency

66
Q

swollen visible veins

heaviness in leg or cramping

A

vericose veins

67
Q

blood clot consist of platelets, fibrin, erythrocyte leukocyte

A

thrombus

68
Q

portion or all of thrombus breaks loose and travels through the circulatory system embedded in vessel

A

embolus

69
Q

swelling usually in arms and legs due to lymph obstruction

A

lymphedema

70
Q

death of myocardium from sudden blockage of coronary artery blood flow, irreversible dmg due to anoxia

A

MI

71
Q

oxygen content of coronary blood too low for metabolic demands

stable angina- chest pain

unstable angina- chest pain not relieved

silent ischemia- asymptomatic ischemia

pain

A

myocardial ischemia

72
Q

sudden coronary death

not always seen on EKG never on angio

A

vasospasm

73
Q

remodeling of heart due to myocardial and humoral response due to ischemic heart and hypertension

heart weak and ineffective as pump

dilated- vent stretch, poor contraction

hypertrophic- thick muscle not alot of blood

restrictive- ventricle rigid

A

cardiomyopathy

74
Q

valve opening constricted and narrow, difficult for blood to flow forward, increase workload on ventricle

A

valvular stenosis

75
Q

valve fails to shut so blood flows in and out

A

valvular regurgitation

76
Q

impedes blood flow, backup to lungs and decrease cardiac output

A

aortic stenosis

77
Q

impair blood flow from left atrium to left ventricle,

A

mitral stenosis

78
Q

inadequate cardiac output to maintain adequate perfusion of tissue in body with 02 and nutrients.

A

heart failure

79
Q

signs of dyspnea

A

flaring nostril, retraction of intercostal

80
Q

congestion tends to cause dyspnea when lying down , pressure on diaphragm, decrease efficiency of respiratory muscle

A

orthopnea

81
Q

bluish discoloration of skin

A

cyanosis

82
Q

enlargement of fingers and toes

A

clubbing

83
Q

inadequate gas exchange o2 low or c02 high

A

respiratory failure general

84
Q

excess water in lung

A

pulmonary edema

85
Q

fluid or food that got into lungs, can lead to pneumonia

A

aspiration

86
Q

fractures causing instability of chest walls, impairs gas exchange

A

flair chest

87
Q

large erythrocytes in volume and thickness

A

macrocytic anemia

88
Q

intrinsic factor gone, red beefy tongue, deficit B12

A

pernicious anemia

89
Q

folic acid required for DNA and RNA

A

Folate deficiency

90
Q

iron not recycled problems with lose or increased needs

A

microcytic anemia

91
Q

insufficient erythrocytes, post hemorrhage or sickel cells

A

normochromic anemia

92
Q

too few platelets, risk for bleeding out

A

thrombocytopenia

93
Q

ability to promote coagulation, Vit K deficit or liver disease

A

impaired hemostasis

94
Q

increase blood volume and viscosity

A

myeloproliferative red cell disorder

95
Q

clot attached to vessel wall

A

thromboembolic disorder

96
Q

clotting in the vein, more common than arterial.

A

deep vein thrombosis

97
Q

excessive erythrocyte production

purpura and petechiae

A

polycethemia vera

98
Q

inflammed blood vessels that become clotted

A

buegers

Pathophysiology (9 decks)

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