Exam 1 Flashcards
coagulative necrosis with impaired bloodflow and bacterial invasion
Gangrene
enzyme dissolve and liquefy necrotic cells
liquefaction necrosis
necrotic debris remain
caseous necrosis
lipase enzyme break down intracellular triglyceride to fat
fat necrosis
interruption of blood flow
coagulative necrosis
dry brown/black skin with minimal bacterial infection
dry gangrene
with liquefaction necrosis dmg from bacteria and white blood cell produce wound
wet gangrene
presence of Clostridium
gas gangrene
tumor, cell growth not responding to normal regulator process.
neoplasm
uncontrolled growth
cancer
loss of differentiation occurring with cancer
anaplasia
less anaplastic tumor cells producing rapidly but cause fewer problems
benign
spread
metastasize
anaplastic, nonfunctioning cells reproducing rapidly
malignant
eradicate disease
treat or increase comfort
prevent disease
curative
palliative
prophylactic
likelihood of surviving cancer
prognosis
cancer responded to treatment and is under control
remission
study of heredity
genetics
birth defects
congenital defects
cellular instruction and information carried in
genes
template of protein synthesis
DNA
double stranded chain of nucleotide
chromosome
22 set paired chromosomes
autosomes
representation of individual chromosome
karyotype
physical expression of gene
phenotype
absence of diploid (normal chromosome)
most common is down’s syndrome
autosomal aneuploid
single gene mutation passed from affected parent to offspring
autosomal dominant
gene that has many variation
allele
single gene mutation passed from affect parent to offspring only in homozygous allele pair
autosomal recessive
euploid cell has more than diploid number of chromosome
polypoidy
3 chromosome XXY
testicle fail to mature
gyno
sexual dysfunction
klinefelter’s syndrome
only one XY chromosome due to deletion of part or al of chromosome
short
lymphedema of hand and feet
turner’s syndrome
percentage of individual with genotype and also express phenotype
penetrance
extent of variation in phenotype associated with genotype
expression
deficiency of enzyme phenylalanine for conversion to tyrosine due to mutation on chromosome 12
failure to meet milestone
microcephaly
seizure
hyperactive
PKU
deficiency of hexosaminidase, lysosomal enzyme necessary to metabolize lipids and destroy nerve cells
vision, hearing, loss
paralysis
seizures
taysach’s
neurogenic tumor from schwann cells
Type 1: raised lumps
type 2: tumor cause hearing loss
neurofibromatosis
gene located on x (sex) chromosome
single recessive copy effect male
2 required for female
sex linked
x-linked dominant disorder, failure to express protein for neural development
intellectual, learning disability
prominant jaw and forhead
fragile x syndrome
3 copies of chromosome 21
delayed puberty, intellectual disability
distinctive facial features
down’s syndrome
tidal volume increase, decrease then apnea due to slowed bloodflow
cheyne stokes
deep rapid breathes due to acidosis
kussmaul respiration
reduced oxygenation of arterial blood
hypoxemia
reduced blood flow to tissues
ischemia
hypoxia
insufficient oxygen reaching cell
lack of oxygen in body tissue
anoxia
cell death through swelling
necrosis
c02 removal doesnt keep up with c02 production, causes hypercapnea, respiratory acidosis
hypoventilation
losing too much c02, hypocapnea, respiratory alkalosis
hyperventilation
chronic pulmonary disease produce intermittent reversible airway obstruction
asthma
group of irreversible chronic respiratory disorder
COPD
obstructive respiratory disorder not caused by infection and symptoms last longer, cigarette smoking
chronic bronchitis
destruction of alveolar walls, permanently inflated alveoli
emphysema
inherited respiratory disorder, dysplasia of cells of saliva, mucus, sweat
cystic fibrosis
excess fluid in pleural cavity,
chest pain, dyspnea, dimished lung sounds
pleural effusion
air in pleural cavity
sudden chest pain, chest tightness, dyspnea, asymmetrical chest movement
pneumothorax
sudden failure of respiratory system due to fluid accumulation in alveoli.
Acute respiratory destress syndrome
incomplete alveolar expansion, alveolar walls stick together
surfectant deficient, lung compression, increased surface tenion
atelectasis
abnormal concentration of serum lipoprotein
Bp change, skin change
dyslipidemia
intra-arterial fat and fibrin harden over time
athlerosclerosis
consistent elevation of systemic blood pressure
increase vascular volume (low sodium)
increase vessel tension
hypertension
sudden higher BP than primary HTN
caused by underlying disease or medication
secondary hypertension
dilation or outpouching of of vessel wall or cardiac chamber
aneurism
poor arterial perfusion to extremities
delayed capillary refill time
Peripheral Arterial Disease
valvular incompetence, blood leaks backwards
vericose veins, inactivity, obesity, age
Venous insufficiency
swollen visible veins
heaviness in leg or cramping
vericose veins
blood clot consist of platelets, fibrin, erythrocyte leukocyte
thrombus
portion or all of thrombus breaks loose and travels through the circulatory system embedded in vessel
embolus
swelling usually in arms and legs due to lymph obstruction
lymphedema
death of myocardium from sudden blockage of coronary artery blood flow, irreversible dmg due to anoxia
MI
oxygen content of coronary blood too low for metabolic demands
stable angina- chest pain
unstable angina- chest pain not relieved
silent ischemia- asymptomatic ischemia
pain
myocardial ischemia
sudden coronary death
not always seen on EKG never on angio
vasospasm
remodeling of heart due to myocardial and humoral response due to ischemic heart and hypertension
heart weak and ineffective as pump
dilated- vent stretch, poor contraction
hypertrophic- thick muscle not alot of blood
restrictive- ventricle rigid
cardiomyopathy
valve opening constricted and narrow, difficult for blood to flow forward, increase workload on ventricle
valvular stenosis
valve fails to shut so blood flows in and out
valvular regurgitation
impedes blood flow, backup to lungs and decrease cardiac output
aortic stenosis
impair blood flow from left atrium to left ventricle,
mitral stenosis
inadequate cardiac output to maintain adequate perfusion of tissue in body with 02 and nutrients.
heart failure
signs of dyspnea
flaring nostril, retraction of intercostal
congestion tends to cause dyspnea when lying down , pressure on diaphragm, decrease efficiency of respiratory muscle
orthopnea
bluish discoloration of skin
cyanosis
enlargement of fingers and toes
clubbing
inadequate gas exchange o2 low or c02 high
respiratory failure general
excess water in lung
pulmonary edema
fluid or food that got into lungs, can lead to pneumonia
aspiration
fractures causing instability of chest walls, impairs gas exchange
flair chest
large erythrocytes in volume and thickness
macrocytic anemia
intrinsic factor gone, red beefy tongue, deficit B12
pernicious anemia
folic acid required for DNA and RNA
Folate deficiency
iron not recycled problems with lose or increased needs
microcytic anemia
insufficient erythrocytes, post hemorrhage or sickel cells
normochromic anemia
too few platelets, risk for bleeding out
thrombocytopenia
ability to promote coagulation, Vit K deficit or liver disease
impaired hemostasis
increase blood volume and viscosity
myeloproliferative red cell disorder
clot attached to vessel wall
thromboembolic disorder
clotting in the vein, more common than arterial.
deep vein thrombosis
excessive erythrocyte production
purpura and petechiae
polycethemia vera
inflammed blood vessels that become clotted
buegers
