Electrolyte

Question 1

Carry electrical charge

(+)- H, Na, K, Mg, Ca

(-)-Cl, S, P, Bicarb

Answer 1

Electrolyte

Question 2

Elderly and Obese Risk

Answer 2

Dehydration due to fat and inability to regulate Na and water

Question 3

Molecules increase Oncotic Pressure

Answer 3

Na, Glucose, Lipid, Protein

Question 4

Excess fluid within interstitial spaces

Answer 4

Edema

Question 5

Venous obstruction cause increase hydrostatic pressure

Fluid moves from cap to interstitial

cause: thromboplebitis, hepatic obstruction, prolong standing, tight clothes

Answer 5

Edema (venous obstruction)

Question 6

decrease plasma albumin production

cause: kidney disease, hemorrhage, cirrhosis, burn

Answer 6

Edema (protein Loss)

Question 7

capillary permeability

cause: inflammation, trauma, burn, alergy

Answer 7

edema (increase capillary permeability)

Question 8

lymphatic channel obstruction

cause- lymph node removed or inflammed

Answer 8

edema ( obstructed lymph)

Question 9

increase hydrostatic pressure in capillary

cause: heart and renal failure

Answer 9

edema (salt n water retention)

Question 10

limited to site

distribution of fluid in interstitial space through body

interstitial space, pericardial, pleural
-may result in dehydation

Answer 10

localized

generalized

third space

Question 11

thirst mechanism

Answer 11

secreted from hypothalamus

Question 12

pituitary secretion when plasma osmolality increase, decrease Blood volume, decrease bp

Answer 12

ADH

Question 13

secreted from adrenal to kidney to absorb sodium

Answer 13

aldosterone

Question 14

released from heart when stretched, tells kidney to urinate and decrease aldosterone

Answer 14

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide

Question 15

Low potassium and high sodium cause release of

Answer 15

aldosterone

Question 16

Normal sodium levels in body

Answer 16

136-145 mEq/L

Question 17

Neck vein distention, increase BP, weight gain, edema, heart failure

Answer 17

TBW change and electrolyte

Question 18

hemorrhage, wound drainage, excessive diaphoresis (sweat)

Answer 18

Isotonic fluid loss

Question 19

Excess IV fluid, hypersecretion aldosterone, drugs

Answer 19

excess isotonic fluid loss

Question 20

High NA in blood, serum NA>147mEq/L
From increase NA or net water loss, cell shrink, tachy, flushed dry skin, hypertension, thirst, elevate temp, weight loss

Answer 20

Hypernatremia

Question 21

inappropriate hypertonic solution

Over secretion aldosterone (cushing’s), NA reabsorbtion from kidney

Overingestion thru diet

Answer 21

Disease of Hypertonic fluid

Question 22

Intracellular overhydration (edema)
serum NA

Answer 22

Hyponatremia

Question 23

dehydration of vessels, insufficient sodium and water

Answer 23

hypovolemia

Question 24

normal 3.5-4.5

conducts nerve and muscle contraction

major intracellular electrolyte

Answer 24

Potassium (K)

Question 25

Diagnosis serum measurement

potassium

Answer 25

Hypokalemia

Question 26

Serum >5.5

Excess K, or abnormal movement in and out of cell (burst), impair renal excretion, metabolic acidosis in diabetes, Addison’s
overingestion

Answer 26

Hyperkalemia

Question 27

8.6-10.5 mg/dl , good for bones, teeth, blood clot, hormone secretion,

Answer 27

Calcium

Question 28

2.5- 4.5 mg/dl

buffer in acid-base regulation, energy for muscle contraction, in bones

Answer 28

Phosphate

Question 29

1.8-2.4 mEq/L

intracellular cation, enzyme reactions, interact with calcium, stored in bone and muscle.

Answer 29

Magnesium

Question 30

Cause: poor intestine absorb, deposit of calcium in bone or soft tissue, decrease parathyroid hormone, Vit D and calcitonin

Sx- increase neuromuscular excitability, muscle cramp, tetanus

Answer 30

hypocalcemia

Question 31

Cause- bone cancer, hyperthyroidism, excess Vit D

sx- decrease neuromuscular excitability
muscle weakness, vomit, constipation, kidney stones

Answer 31

Hypercalcemia

Question 32

cause: poor GI absorption and increas renal excretion

sx- anorexia, weakness, tremor, seizure, coma, anemia, bleeding

Answer 32

Hypophosphatemia

Question 33

cause; acute or chronic renal failure when low glomerular filtration

sx- same as hypocalcemia

Answer 33

Hyperphosphatemia

Question 34

cause: malabsorption syndromes, hypocalcemia and hypokalemia

sx- tetany, convulsion, tachycardia, hypotension

Answer 34

hypomagnesemia

Question 35

cause- renal failure

sx- muscle weakness, hypotension, bradycardia, respiratory depression

Answer 35

hypermagnesemia

Question 36

H+, by product of macros,

volatile- eliminate as c02
nonvolatile- eliminate by kidney

Answer 36

Acid

Answer 37

acidemia, alkalemia

Question 38

increase or decrease ventilation

acidic/alkaline urine, secret H into urine and reabsorb bicarb

Answer 38

respiratory

renal

Question 39

renal failure, diabetic ketoacidosis
non carb acid increase or bicarb loss from ECF

Sx- lethargy-coma, kussmaul breathing-increase ph by blowing c02,

anorexia, diarrhea, ab discomfort, arrythmia, hypotension

Answer 39

metabolic acidosis

Question 40

excess loss of metabolic acidosis, increase bicarb

cause- diuretic

sx- weakness, muscle cramp, tetany, slow respiration, confusion, tachy

Answer 40

metabolic alkalosis

Question 41

excess blood c02>45

cause- respiratory muscle paralysis, chest wall disorder, (lung disorder)

sx- blur vision, breathless, restless,
skin warm and flush, elevated c02 vasodilate

Answer 41

respiratory acidosis

Question 42

PaC02

Answer 42

respiratory alkalosis