Pain

Question 1

MacLachlan et al. (2004)

Answer 1

Pain medication and use of TENS only made his phantom limb pain worse.

Mirror treatment is a useful and effective way to treat phantom limb pain. It avoids patients having to take pain medication which can have negative side effects and gives the patient control over their own pain.

Question 2

Pain medication and use of TENS only made his phantom limb pain worse.

Mirror treatment is a useful and effective way to treat phantom limb pain. It avoids patients having to take pain medication which can have negative side effects and gives the patient control over their own pain.

Answer 2

MacLachlan et al. (2004)

Question 3

Mendell (2014)

Answer 3

Patients who had their large fibre stimulated by TENS experienced pain relief for the duration of the stimulation and for 30 minutes after the treatment ended.

Question 4

Patients who had their large fibre stimulated by TENS experienced pain relief for the duration of the stimulation and for 30 minutes after the treatment ended.

Answer 4

Mendell (2014)

Question 5

Ferraz et al. (1990)

Answer 5

MPQ test-retest analysis on 91 patients found excellent reliability (r = +0.96).

Question 6

MPQ test-retest analysis on 91 patients found excellent reliability (r = +0.96).

Answer 6

Ferraz et al. (1990)

Question 7

Bryne et al. (1982)

Answer 7

Compared MPQ results of patients with back pain to previous research and found similar results.

Question 8

Compared MPQ results of patients with back pain to previous research and found similar results.

Answer 8

Bryne et al. (1982)

Question 9

Brudvik et al. (2016)

Answer 9

Physicians often underestimate children’s intensity of pain.

Question 10

Physicians often underestimate children’s intensity of pain.

Answer 10

Brudvik et al. (2016)

Question 11

Prescott (2000)

Answer 11

Serious side effects are rare with paracetamol at the recommended dosage.

*However, exceeding the dosage is extremely dangerous and can lead to serious health consequences and even deaths.

Question 12

Serious side effects are rare with paracetamol at the recommended dosage.

*However, exceeding the dosage is extremely dangerous and can lead to serious health consequences and even deaths.

Answer 12

Prescott (2000)

Question 13

Moore (2016)

Answer 13

Large clinical trials

Paracetamol is no better than a placebo for chronic pain, such as back pain or arthritis.

Question 14

Large clinical trials

Paracetamol is no better than a placebo for chronic pain, such as back pain or arthritis.

Answer 14

Moore (2016)

Question 15

Connelly (2017)

Answer 15

An observational study has found that the use of ibuprofen for more than 5 years is associated with a 44% less risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease.

*However, another study has found that women using ibuprofen daily for more than 5 years put them at a 51% increased risk of breast cancer.

Question 16

An observational study has found that the use of ibuprofen for more than 5 years is associated with a 44% less risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease.

*However, another study has found that women using ibuprofen daily for more than 5 years put them at a 51% increased risk of breast cancer.

Answer 16

Connelly (2017)

Question 17

Holden (2013)

Answer 17

Listening to music can significantly reduce perceived pain and increase quality of life.

Question 18

Listening to music can significantly reduce perceived pain and increase quality of life.

Answer 18

Holden (2013)

Question 19

Williamson (2020)

Answer 19

The most positive pain-relieving effect was found when the women were able to choose the music themselves.

Question 20

The most positive pain-relieving effect was found when the women were able to choose the music themselves.

Answer 20

Williamson (2020)

Question 21

Sarafino (2006)

Answer 21

Non-pain imagery works best with moderate rather than severe pain.

Question 22

Non-pain imagery works best with moderate rather than severe pain.

Answer 22

Sarafino (2006)

Question 23

Sarafino (2006)

Answer 23

Cognitive redefinition helps patients redefine their pain experience and reduce their fears and misconceptions by giving realistic information about procedures (surgery, etc).

Question 24

Cognitive redefinition helps patients redefine their pain experience and reduce their fears and misconceptions by giving realistic information about procedures (surgery, etc).

Answer 24

Sarafino (2006)

Question 25

Yuan et al. (2008)

Answer 25

23 trials

There was moderate evidence that acupuncture was more effective than no treatment in treating lower back pain.

Question 26

23 trials

There was moderate evidence that acupuncture was more effective than no treatment in treating lower back pain.

Answer 26

Yuan et al. (2008)

Question 27

Kaplan (1998)

Answer 27

104 Israeli women were given questionnaires after giving birth and found that the majority found TENS effective in helping with their labour pains.

Question 28

104 Israeli women were given questionnaires after giving birth and found that the majority found TENS effective in helping with their labour pains.

Answer 28

Kaplan (1998)

Question 29

Sarafino (2006)

Answer 29

Effects of TENS tend to be short-lived with chronic conditions such as phantom limb pain.

Question 30

Effects of TENS tend to be short-lived with chronic conditions such as phantom limb pain.

Answer 30

Sarafino (2006)