Mood Disorders

Question 1

Reed et al. (2018)

Answer 1

More than 2,000 participants, 300 clinicians from 13 countries

High levels of agreement between independent raters for diagnosis of bipolar type I (84%) and recurrent depressive disorder (74%).

ICD-10 is superior to ICD-11 in terms of reliability.

*However, other mood disorders returned less favourable results. Clinicians were less likely to agree when diagnosing bipolar type 2 (62%) and dysthymic disorder (45%).

Question 2

More than 2,000 participants, 300 clinicians from 13 countries

High levels of agreement between independent raters for diagnosis of bipolar type I (84%) and recurrent depressive disorder (74%).

ICD-10 is superior to ICD-11 in terms of reliability.

*However, other mood disorders returned less favourable results. Clinicians were less likely to agree when diagnosing bipolar type 2 (62%) and dysthymic disorder (45%).

Answer 2

Reed et al. (2018)

Question 3

Sharan and Hans (2021)

Answer 3

Clinicians are informed that in many low-to-middle-income countries (LMICs), people may be more likely to report somatic symptoms such as aches and pains.

Question 4

Clinicians are informed that in many low-to-middle-income countries (LMICs), people may be more likely to report somatic symptoms such as aches and pains.

Answer 4

Sharan and Hans (2021)

Question 5

Moreno et al. (1999)

Answer 5

Participants had a history of depression and had an age- and gender-matched control group.

Reduced participant’s tryptophan levels using a chocolate-flavoured drink to experimentally reduce serotonin. There was a significant increase in depression symptoms in the next 24 hours.

Question 6

Participants had a history of depression and had an age- and gender-matched control group.

Reduced participant’s tryptophan levels using a chocolate-flavoured drink to experimentally reduce serotonin. There was a significant increase in depression symptoms in the next 24 hours.

Answer 6

Moreno et al. (1999)

Question 7

Raleigh et al. (1984)

Answer 7

In adult vervet monkeys, a change in social status from dominant to subordinate caused a reduction in serotonin of approximately 40%.

The new leader experienced an increase in serotonin of around 60%.

Question 8

In adult vervet monkeys, a change in social status from dominant to subordinate caused a reduction in serotonin of approximately 40%.

The new leader experienced an increase in serotonin of around 60%.

Answer 8

Raleigh et al. (1984)

Question 9

Strickland et al. (2002)

Answer 9

*Depressed women had higher serotonin levels than non-depressed women.

Question 10

*Depressed women had higher serotonin levels than non-depressed women.

Answer 10

Strickland et al. (2002)

Question 11

Kendler et al. (2006)

Answer 11

N > 42,000
Concordance rate for unipolar depression in:
- Female: 48% for MZ and 16% for DZ
- Male: 31% for MZ and 11% for DZ

Question 12

N > 42,000
Concordance rate for unipolar depression in:
- Female: 48% for MZ and 16% for DZ
- Male: 31% for MZ and 11% for DZ

Answer 12

Kendler et al. (2006)

Question 13

Bertelsen et al. (1977)

Answer 13

Concordance rate for bipolar disorder is 62% for MZ and 8% for DZ twins.

Heritability of bipolar seems to be higher.

Question 14

Concordance rate for bipolar disorder is 62% for MZ and 8% for DZ twins.

Heritability of bipolar seems to be higher.

Answer 14

Bertelsen et al. (1977)

Question 15

Kendler et al. (2018)

Answer 15

Adoptive children with adoptive parents with depression had an increased risk for depression.

Question 16

Adoptive children with adoptive parents with depression had an increased risk for depression.

Answer 16

Kendler et al. (2018)

Question 17

Mendlewicz and Rainer (1977)

Answer 17

31% of biological mothers of adopted children with a mood disorder had also been diagnosed with a mood disorder, compared with 12% of adoptive parents.

Question 18

31% of biological mothers of adopted children with a mood disorder had also been diagnosed with a mood disorder, compared with 12% of adoptive parents.

Answer 18

Mendlewicz and Rainer (1977)

Question 19

Caspi et al. (2003)

Answer 19

People carrying two copies of the short allele were more likely to become depressed following a stressful life event than people carrying one short allele, or two long alleles.

The more negative the life events, the stronger the effect.

Question 20

People carrying two copies of the short allele were more likely to become depressed following a stressful life event than people carrying one short allele, or two long alleles.

The more negative the life events, the stronger the effect.

Answer 20

Caspi et al. (2003)

Question 21

CONVERGE Consortium (2015)

Answer 21

> 10,000 Chinese women

Significant associations between recurrent depression and two genes called SIRT1 and LHPP.

*This finding did not replicate in women of European heritage (Hyde et al., 2016)

Question 22

> 10,000 Chinese women

Significant associations between recurrent depression and two genes called SIRT1 and LHPP.

*This finding did not replicate in women of European heritage (Hyde et al., 2016)

Answer 22

CONVERGE Consortium (2015)

Question 23

Maier and Seligman (1976)

Answer 23

In an experiment with dogs, neutral stimulus (light) was associated with an unavoidable electric shock in an enclosure. In a new enclosure with a low barrier, over which they could escape, the dogs in the experimental group (that was exposed to the unavoidable electric shock) did not attempt to escape. The control dogs tried to escape by pressing a panel with their noses, which turned off the shocks.

Question 24

In an experiment with dogs, neutral stimulus (light) was associated with an unavoidable electric shock in an enclosure. In a new enclosure with a low barrier, over which they could escape, the dogs in the experimental group (that was exposed to the unavoidable electric shock) did not attempt to escape. The control dogs tried to escape by pressing a panel with their noses, which turned off the shocks.

Answer 24

Maier and Seligman (1976)

Question 25

Seligman et al. (1988)

Answer 25

Replicating a study which showed a positive correlation between depressive attribution styles and severity of depression symptoms

Question 26

Replicating a study which showed a positive correlation between depressive attribution styles and severity of depression symptoms

Answer 26

Seligman et al. (1988)

Question 27

Cipriani et al. (2018)

Answer 27

116, 477 participants, meta-analysis of 522 double-blind trials

21 of the drugs were more effective than placebo in reducing depressive symptoms.

Question 28

116, 477 participants, meta-analysis of 522 double-blind trials

21 of the drugs were more effective than placebo in reducing depressive symptoms.

Answer 28

Cipriani et al. (2018)

Question 29

Turner et al. (2008)

Answer 29

Only 8% of antidepressant trials with negative results were published, compared with 97% with positive results.

Question 30

Only 8% of antidepressant trials with negative results were published, compared with 97% with positive results.

Answer 30

Turner et al. (2008)

Question 31

Fava et al. (1998)

Answer 31

75% of people who had received cognitive restructuring in additon to antidepressants were symptom-free 24 months after treatment ended, compared with only 25% of a matched group who received antidepressants but no cognitive therapy.

Question 32

75% of people who had received cognitive restructuring in additon to antidepressants were symptom-free 24 months after treatment ended, compared with only 25% of a matched group who received antidepressants but no cognitive therapy.

Answer 32

Fava et al. (1998)