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*** Exam Medicine > Paeds Summary Q's > Flashcards

Paeds Summary Q's Flashcards

1
Q

ages of puberty onset - M & F

A

M - 10-14

F - 10 - 13 –> menstration starts around 18 months later

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2
Q

what are the common causes of acutely unwell child (split into systems)

A 
Resp - Croup / Asthma exac / acute epiglott / foreign object
Inf Dis - Sepsis / GastroEnt
CV - arrythmia
Neuro - Meningitis / 
Other - Hypoglyc / NAI / Volvulus
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3
Q

positive of breastfeeding (mother and child)

A

Mother - decrease risk of breast cancer / ovarian cancer , increase bond between baby, helps lose weight, lowers risk of osteoporosis

Baby - lowers risk of atopy, lowers risk of diabetes, lowers risk of obesity??

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4
Q

contra-indications to breastfeeding

A

HIV?
psychological aspect?
radioactive iodine therapy

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5
Q

feeding methods for sick child

A

NG tube feeding
hypotrophic feeding
central line feeding?

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6
Q

signs of dehydration in a sick child?

A 
dry mucous membranes
low urine output
low core cap refill
low BP
high HR
sunken eyes
sunken fontanelle
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7
Q

causes of fluid loss in child

A

fever, burns, diarr, vomiting

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8
Q

causes of motor development delay

A

Cerebral Palsy, DMD, Global development decrease (downs)

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9
Q

investigations for failure to thrive

A

Bloods - TFT’s and TSH (hypothy causes decreased growth hormone), FBC (B12/Iron/ WCC), TTF (coeliacs) Faecal Eleastase

Sweat Tst - CF
karyotyping - genetic

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10
Q

causes of febrile child (split into systems)

A

Resp - bronchiolitis, croup, pneumonia, epiglotitis
GI - viral gastroent, appendix, intuss,
Renal - UTI
Neuro - meningitis
Inf Dis -
ENT - viral throat/ strep throat, ottitis media,

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11
Q

definition of respiratory distress syndrome

A

inability of lungs to fully expand as a result of decreased surfactant production, most commonly becuase of prematurity. This leads to increased effort of breathing and eventually exhaustion.???

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12
Q

causes of seizures (5 H’s, D, E, M)

A 
Hyperthermia
Hypoglycaemia
Hypernatramia/hypocalcemia
hypoxia
h
drugs
epilepsy
meningitis
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13
Q

signs of NAI

A

child is:
unkempt, overly friendly to strangers, poor developed speech, weird bruises, failure to thrive, odd hx given, suspicious injuries, any STI

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14
Q

acute abdo DDx

A

??

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15
Q

What are the COntra-Indications to Immunizations

what are contra-indications to giving live/attenuated vaccines?

A

CI - Severe confirmed anaphyllaxis reaction / current febrile illness

CI to live - Immunocompromised or suppressed / HIV /

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16
Q

what predisposes to needing resusitation peri-natally OR causes of fetal resp distress

A 
prematurity
fetal distress
transient tachpnea of neonate
meconium stained liquor
emergency c-section
congenital abnorm
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17
Q

causes of IUGR

A

TORCH
teratogens
chromosomal abnorm
smoking / alcohol

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18
Q

meningitis signs

A 
photophobia
neck stiffness
fever
sweaty
headache
dizzy
N+V
\+/- meningococcal rash
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19
Q

umbilical cord components

A

2 arteries

1 vein

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20
Q

Meningitis in infancy, initial signs and complications

A

Signs - Irritable cry, Gastroent, bulging fontanelle, apnoea, head retraction and resistance to flexion (coma, convulsion)

Compl - seizures, cerebral oedema, hypoNat, deafness, drug fever, mental handicap

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21
Q

cause of paediatric deafness

A
  • meningitis
  • congenital syndrome
  • Pre Natal infection (TORCH)
  • Ototoxic drugs
  • Perinatal problems
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22
Q

Causes of Raised Intra-cranial pressure

A

Meningitis, CA, haemorrhage (stroke?) any cause og hydrocephalus (TORCH??)

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23
Q

causes hydrocephalus

A

NTD’s, post haemorhage (stroke etc), infection (meningitis)

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24
Q

what can cause lymphadenopathy in kids

A

Malignant - Leukaemia, Lymphoma,
Infection - anything?? TB?
AutoImmune - Sarcoid, SLE,

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25
scarlet fever - ? / CF / I / T
group A beta-haemolytic strep sore, red throat with strawberry tongue, fever and red sandpaper rash on cheeks Nasopharyngeal swab / rapid strep test Pencillan V for 10 days
26
Sturge Webber Triad
Glaucoma Port Wine Stain rash Brain abnormality
27
nname teratogenic drugs (and some CF)
``` Lithium - ebsteins anomlay Warfarin - cardiac defects Sodium Valproate - NTD's Phenytoin - cleft palate/ cardiac alcohol - low IQ, cardiac defects ```
28
TORCH infections
Toxoplasmosis - chorioretinitis/ hydrocephalus Other (Syphilis) - Rubella - cataracts/hearing loss/ cardiac defects Cmv - deafness? Herpes?
29
Main neural Tube defects and why are these not common anymore?
Ancephaly, Spina bifida - failure of the neural tube to close in early pregnancy. Occulta- hidden defect, presenting as a tuft of hair etc over sacral area Folate supplementation has decreased this
30
3 causes of neonatal cyanosis
RDS cyanotic heart lesion (Tetralogy of F) diaphargmatic hernia ??perinatal hypoxia??
31
3 causes acute and chronic cough
``` Acute = Foreign object / croup / exacerbation asthma Chronic = Whooping Cough / Asthma / CF ```
32
3 causes of Stridor
Croup Acute epiglottitis Foreign Body - glandular fever
33
Cystic Fibrosis Xray findings AND assoc illnesses
thickened trachea? pancreatic insuff liver failure / biliary cirrhosis no VAS DEFERENS
34
technique for using asthma spacer
``` clean spacer prime inhaler attach insert into mouth spray approp dose breath in deeply, hold for 3 long count, breath out. ```
35
emergency asthma exacerbation management
``` O2 if sat low Nebulised Salbutamol (via O2) and Oral Pred/IV hydrocortisone ABG's and vitals if no response, repeat Nebs + pred if life threatening IV salb + ipratrop ```
36
what would collapsing pulse in a child indiciate?
patent ductus arteriosis
37
what would unequal BP in arms and legs indicate?
co-arctation of aorta
38
what is seen on cxray of RDS?
ground glass lung fields + bell shaped thorax | decreased lung vol, air bronchograms
39
how to distinguish conjugated and unconjugated jaundice in neonate
Total Bilrubin + Conjugated bilirubin fraction (should be
40
what is kernicterus?
free conjugated bilirubin which has crossed the blood brain barrier resulting in: - acute encephalopathy - high pitched cry - coma - cerebral palsy
41
what should be done in the management of neo-natal jaundice if phototherapy is unsuccessful?
exchange transfusion
42
describe henoch schloen purpura
vasculitic condition often following a viral illness causing; - purpuric rash on legs and buttocks +/- abdo pain +/- arthritis +/- nephritis
43
name 5 causes of vomiting in child?
``` GORD overfeeding pyloric stenosis hirschprungs raised ICP gastroenteritis ```
44
name causes of diarrohea in infant
coeliacs, UC, crohns toddlers gastroenteritis
45
name causes of constipation in infant
medication obstruction functional
46
what sort of symptoms do UTI's present with in infancy?
vague, infectious sounding symptoms: - vomiting - irritability - fever
47
how should a child under 3 months with a UTI be treated?
give IV cefotaxime
48
PCKD - inheritance pattern and CF
AD haematuria, large palp kidneys, hypertension +/- renal failure in future
49
causes of haematuria
``` GN CA UTI Goodpastures Supra-pubic aspiration PCKD ```
50
what is the bedwetting triad / causes?
- heavy sleeper (sleeps through urge to pee) - overstimulated/unstable bladder (give oxybutymin) - increased production of urine (give desmopressin)
51
causes of neonatal jaundice
``` Physiological (normal) Hyper Conjugated = biliary atresia Hyper UNConjugated = - haemolytic / ABO incomopatibility - sepsis - breast milk jaundice ```
52
neonatal sepsis causes
``` prolonged rupture of membranes, premature rupture of membranes, maternal infection (particularly Group B strep) ```
53
DOWNS characteristics (ROSEOLA)
``` Round face Occipatal Flattening Spots on iris (Brushfield) Epicanthic folds decreased Open mouth, tongue out Low set ears Almond eyes ```
54
Causes of Low Birth Weight
TORCH (CMV Fetal Alcohol Prematurity Familialy small
55
heart failure in kids
PDA / coarctation/ cardiomyopathy
56
chickenpox timeline and complications
fever and malaise for 48 hours then macules appear infectious from 4 days before rash and 5 days after main complications pneumonitis and encephalitis
57
signs of DKA
ketotic breath, kussmal breathing, N+V, abdo pain, confused or drowsy, Dehydrated = cool periph, sunken eyes, low skin turgor, up RR, down BP
58
complications of phototherapy
loose stools, dehydration
59
what is the worst end result of neo-natal jaundice following unsuccessful phototherapy and exhange transfusion?
kernicterus
60
how to stop a febrile convulsion in child and when to intervene?
rectal diazepam / buccal midaz after 5 minutes if still fitting
61
neo-nate with normal investigations but still deteriorating could be?
cardiac cyanotic lesion (PDA)
62
what comprises a septic screen?
Blood Culture Urine Culture LP
63
methods of urine collection in kid?
``` supra pubic (most reliable) catheter clean catch (best) ```
64
when examining/ history taking a child with ?? developmental delay, what should be noted?
- any perinatal problems? - consanguinity - dysmorphic features on face - size of head - hepatospleno-megaly
65
ages for each of surgical issues
Hirschprungs - neo nate | pyloric stenosis -
66
what advice might you give to a mother about when to re-present following their child having a fever?
- any non-blanching rash - any decrease in GCS - seizures - fever >5 days

*** Exam Medicine (20 decks)

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