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#passmed 2023 > Paeds > Flashcards

Paeds Flashcards

1
Q

What is the order of Laxatives you should give in kids? (3 things)

A
  1. Movicol
  2. Stimulant (Senna)
  3. Osmotic (lactulose)
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2
Q

When should males have corrective surgery for Hypospadius?

A

@ 12 months

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3
Q

What are INNOCENT murmurs that may be heard in kids? (3 things)

A
  1. Ejection murmurs
  2. Venous hums
  3. StiLL’s murmur (Low pitched @ LL sternal edge)
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4
Q

What condition is it when a child has partial seizures at night?

A

Benign Rolandic Epilepsy

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5
Q

What is the Medical Tx for ADHD?

A

Methylphenidate (stimulant)

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6
Q

What should you monitor when you give Methylphenidate for ADHD?

A

Weight + Height every 6 months
(bc can cause LOA + Growth impairment)

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7
Q

What is the Dx when a child has perianal itching?

A

Threadworms (Enterobius vermicularis)

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8
Q

What do you need to be aware of with Threadworms (Enterobius vermicularis)?

A

Can possibly be affecting whole household so prescribe meds for everyone

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9
Q

What is the Meds Tx for Threadworms (Enterobius vermicularis)?

A

Mebendazole (single dose)

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10
Q

What are the causes of Snoring in children? (5 things)

A
  1. Downs
  2. Nasal problems (e.g nasal turbinates)
  3. Recurrent tonsillitis
  4. Hypothyroidism
  5. Obesity
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11
Q

What abx should you give for Meningitis UNDER 3 months? (2 things)

A
  1. IV amoxicillin
  2. IV cefotaxime
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12
Q

What abx should you give for Meningitis OVER 3 months?

A

IV cefotaxime

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13
Q

What developmental problem can Breech presentation lead to?

A

Hip dysplasia

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14
Q

What are the RF for developmental hip dysplasia? (2 things)

A
  1. Breech
  2. Female (6x)
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15
Q

How should you investigate developmental hip dysplasia?

A

US hip

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16
Q

What is the Mx for developmental hip dysplasia? (3 things)

A
  • Most will self fix by 3-6 wks
  • 4-5 months old: Pavlik harness (dynamic flexion-abduction orthosis)
  • Older kids: Surgery
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17
Q

What are the CF of GORD in babies?

A

Vomiting after being laid flat after being breastfed

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18
Q

What is the Mx of GORD in babies?

A

Keep baby upright after breastfeeding

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19
Q

What is the Dx when you can hear bowel sounds in a Resp exam of a neonate (in resp distress)?

A

Diaphragmatic hernia

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20
Q

Why do some kids get Rickets, esp refugee kids?

A

Bc inexposure to sun light vit D

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21
Q

What are the CF of Rickets? (4 things)

A
  1. Forehead bossing
  2. Kyphoscoliosis of spine
  3. Widening of joints
  4. Bowing of legs
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22
Q

What should you sus if a girl has short stature and Primary amenorrhea (aka no menarche)?

A

Turners syndrome

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23
Q

What are the stages of diagnosing CF at birth? (2 steps)

A
  1. Routine heel prick test @ day 5: raised IRT
  2. Sent for sweat test: raised = CF
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24
Q

How long should you refer before referring a undescended testicle?

A

3 months

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25
Q

What system is the most common cause of cardiac arrests in kids?

A

Resp (e.g bronchiolitis)

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26
Q

What is the Dx of a kid who has a persistent cough (worse @ night), which is assoc w vomiting?

A

Whooping cough

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27
Q

What are the Mx options for Whooping cough? (3 things)

A
  1. Azithromycin (or others Macs) (if cough onset within last 21 days)
  2. Abx prophylaxis for household
  3. Stay off from school for 2 days after starting Abx
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28
Q

What is Roseola infantum aka?

A

Sixth disease

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29
Q

What are the CF of Roseola? (2 things)

A
  1. High grade fever (for few days) which resolves then..
  2. Maculopapular rash (trunk –> limbs)
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30
Q

Do kids with Roseola infantum need to stay off school?

A

No

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31
Q

What are the only 3 CYANOTIC congenital HD? (3 things)

A
  1. TOF
  2. Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA)
  3. Tricuspid atresia
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32
Q

What is the initial Mx of Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA)?

A

Prostaglandins
(keeps PDA open so allows L-R shunting)

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33
Q

Apart from salbutamol, what should all kids having an asthma attack be given?

A

Steroids (oral prednisolone)

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34
Q

If a child has hip pain, what should you exclude with an XR?

A

Slipped Upper Femoral Epiphysis (SUFE) (medical emergency)

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35
Q

Why is a Slipped Upper Femoral Epiphysis (SUFE) a medical emergency?

A

Risk of AVN

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36
Q

What is the Mx of Slipped Upper Femoral Epiphysis (SUFE) (medical emergency)?

A

Internal fixation

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37
Q

What are the CF of Chickenpox? (3 things)

A

Fever (initially)
Itchy rash (head / trunk –> limbs) (Macular –> Papular –> Vesicular)
Systemic upset (usually mild)

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38
Q

What are the CF of Measles? (3 things)

A
  1. Before inf: Fever / Conjunctivitis / Irritable
  2. Koplik spots (white salty spots in mouth)
  3. Rash (behind ears –> body) (Maculopapular –> blotchy)
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39
Q

What are the CF of Measles? (3 things)

A
  1. Before inf: Fever / Conjunctivitis / Irritable
  2. Koplik spots (white salty spots in mouth)
  3. Rash (behind ears –> body) (Maculopapular –> blotchy)
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40
Q

What are the CF of Measles? (3 things)

A
  1. Before inf: Fever / Conjunctivitis / Irritable
  2. Koplik spots (white salty spots in mouth)
  3. Rash (behind ears –> body) (Maculopapular –> blotchy)
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41
Q

What are the CF of Mumps? (3 things)

A
  1. Fever
  2. Muscle pain
  3. Parotitis (earache / pain @ eating) (unilateral –> bilateral)
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42
Q

What are the CF of Rubella? (2 things)

A
  1. Rash (face –> body) (pink maculopapular) (fades by 3-5 days)
  2. Lymphadenopathy (behind ears n suboccipital)
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43
Q

What are the Erythema Infectiosum (aka 5th disease) of Rubella? (4 things)

A
  1. Headache
  2. Fever
  3. Lethargy
  4. Slapped cheek rash (cheek –> arms)
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44
Q

What organism is Erythema Infectiosum (aka 5th disease) caused by?

A

Parvovirus B19

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45
Q

What are the CF of Kawasaki disease? (3 things)

A
  1. High grade fever (5+ days)
  2. Red palms
  3. Strawberry tongue (red with white coating)
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46
Q

What type of disease is Kawasaki disease?

A

Systemic vasculitis

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47
Q

What is the Tx for Kawasaki disease?

A

High dose aspirin

48
Q

What are the CF of Scarlet Fever? (5 things)

A
  1. Headache
  2. Fever
  3. Sore throat (tonsillitis)
  4. Strawberry red tongue
  5. Rash (coarse like sandpaper + red around mouth)
49
Q

What is the Tx for Scarlet Fever?

A

Oral penicillin V for 10 days

50
Q

What are the CF of Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease in kids? (2 things)

A
  1. Sore throat / fever (systemic CF)
  2. Vesicles in mouth (ulcers), palms n feet
51
Q

What organism is Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease caused by?

A

Coxsackie A16 virus

52
Q

Does the kid need to stay off school with Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease?

A

No

53
Q

What is used to screen newborns for Hearing problems?

A

Otoacoustic emission test

54
Q

What follow up test is done if Otoacoustic emission test results come back as abnormal?

A

Auditory brainstem response test

55
Q

What should you sus in a boy over 4 presenting with a limp?

A

Perthes’ disease

56
Q

How should you investigate Perthe’s disease? (2 things)

A
  1. XR (but can miss dx so move onto MRI)
  2. MRI
57
Q

What are the CF of PDA? (5 things)

A
  1. Continous machinery murmur
  2. Collapsing pulse
  3. Wide pulse pressure
  4. Apex beat
  5. L subclavian thrill
58
Q

What is the Tx for PDA?

A

Indomethacin (in postnatal period)
(give kids indomie)

59
Q

What are the CF of Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (IPR)? (3 things)

A
  1. Bruising
  2. Petechial rash
  3. Bleeding (epistaxis / gingival)
60
Q

What will Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (IPR) be preceded by?

A

Glandular fever

61
Q

What is the day cut off point for Neonatal death?

A

Baby dies in 0-28 days

62
Q

What does weak femoral pulses at 6-8 week check of baby suggest?

A

Coarctation of aorta (refer to paeds on same day)

63
Q

What is the Dx if a neonate hasn’t passed stool for 24+ hours after birth?

A

Hirschprungs disease

64
Q

How do you Dx Hirschprungs disease?

A

Rectal biopsy (GOLD)

65
Q

What is the initial Mx for Hirschprungs disease?

A

Bowel irrigation

66
Q

What is the rate of compression to breaths in children CPR?

A

15:2

67
Q

What are the CF of Fetal Alcohol syndrome? (5 things)

A
  1. IUGR
  2. Microcephaly
  3. Thin upper lip
  4. Irritability
  5. ADHD
68
Q

What is the most common cause of Nappy rash?

A

Irritant dermatitis

69
Q

How should babies born prematurely be given their vaccines?

A

According to their chronological age, aka DO NOT correct for prematurity

70
Q

What is Intussusception?

A

Invagination of part of bowel into lumen of adjacent bowel

71
Q

What age does Intussusception most commonly affect?

A

6-18 months

72
Q

What gender does Intussusception most commonly affect?

A

Boys (2x)

73
Q

What are the CF of Intussusception? (6 things)

A
  1. Crying beh
  2. D+V
  3. Sever crampy abd pain
  4. Sausage mass in RUQ
  5. Draw knees up to chest
  6. Bloody stool
74
Q

What is the investigation for Intussusception and what will you see?

A

US (will see Target like mass)

75
Q

What is the Mx option for Intussusception?

A

Reduction by air insufflation (air khartoosh colonscopy thing)

76
Q

What usually comes before Mesenteric adenitis?

A

Viral infection

77
Q

Does Mesenteric adenitis need any Tx?

A

No

78
Q

What is a very common benign cause of noisy breathing in infants?

A

Laryngomalacia
(self resolves by 2 yrs)

79
Q

What size head do Fragile X syndrome babies have?

A

Massive head

80
Q

What is the very first step of newborn baby resus? (3 things)

A
  1. Dry baby
  2. Maintain temperature
  3. Start clock
81
Q

What score is use to assess health of a newborn baby?

A

Apgar score

82
Q

What are the CF of Meconium aspiration syndrome? (5 things)

A
  1. Cyanosis
  2. Tachypnoea
  3. Chest wall retraction
  4. Patchy infiltrations (on CXR)
  5. Atelectasis (on CXR)
83
Q

What should you do if neonate (aka 1 hour old) baby has BG of 2.2?

A

Nothing, bc transient hypoglycaemia in first few hours of birth is normal

84
Q

What age should babies be able to palmar grasp?

A

5 months
(5 fingers on a hand)

85
Q

What age should kids be able to draw a circle?

A

3 years

86
Q

What age should a kid be able to build a tower of 3-4 blocks?

A

18 months

87
Q

When do umbilical hernias usually resolve by?

A

3 years

88
Q

What is a POOR prognosis factor for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (ALL)?

A

Being male :(

89
Q

What can you give a child to stop them from wetting the bed in the short term (aka for a sleepover)?

A

Desmopressin

90
Q

What underlying condition can hand preference before 12 months indicate?

A

Cerebral palsy

91
Q

What is the causative organism of Epiglottitis?

A

H influenza (type B)

92
Q

What is the Dx?

A

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (bowel loops seen in thoracic cavity)

93
Q

What is a common complication of Chickenpox?

A

Secondary bac infection

94
Q

What can increase risk of developing Secondary bac inf in Chickenpox?

A

NSAIDs

95
Q

What are less common complications of Chickenpox? (3 things)

A
  1. Pneumonia
  2. Encephalitis
  3. Disseminated haemorrhagic chickenpox
96
Q

What is the number 1 cause of painless massive GI bleeding needing transfusion in 1-2 year olds?

A

Meckel’s diverticulum

97
Q

What are the CF of Meckels diverticulum? (3 things)

A
  1. Asymptomatic (usually)
  2. RIF pain / tenderness (mimics appendicitis)
  3. Bloody poo
98
Q

How do you reduce the chance of severe brain damage in neonate w Hypoxic injury?

A

Therapeutic cooling @ 33-35 degrees

99
Q

What is the Dx of a swelling on a newborns head that crosses sutures?

A

Caput Succedaneum
(CS = Crosses Sutures)

100
Q

What is the Dx of a swelling on a newborns head that is caused by Suction?

A

Caput Succedaneum
(SUCC)

101
Q

How long does Caput Succedaneum take to resolve?

A

Few days

102
Q

What is the Dx of a swelling on a newborns head that develops few hours after birth?

A

Cephalohaematoma
(does NOT cross sutures)

103
Q

How long does Cephalohaematoma take to resolve?

A

Few months

104
Q

What Resp rate is a RED flag according to NICE paeds traffic light scoring?

A

RR over 60

105
Q

Why should you not give NSAIDs to kids with chickenpox?

A

Risk of Necrotising fasciitis

106
Q

What is first line for Nocturnal Enuresis (aka bed wetting)?

A

Enuresis alarm

107
Q

What are the Abx TX for Meningitis in kids?

A
  • Under 3 months: IV amoxicillin + IV cefotaxime
  • Over 3 months: IV cefotaxime (or ceftriaxone)
108
Q

What helps you remember Dev Milestones for walking?

A

Head, shoulders, knees and toes, 3 6 9 12
* 3 months = Control head
* 6 months = Sitting up
* 9 months = Crawling
* 12 months = Walking

109
Q

What will happen to most kids diagnosed with non-IgE mediated cows milk allergy?

A

They will become tolerant by 3 yrs (aka they can drink it)

110
Q

What Prostaglandin can you give to keep PDA open in Cyanotic congenital heart disease?

A

Alprostadil

111
Q

What kid should you never examine their throat and why?

A

Croup kids, bc risk of airway obstruction

112
Q

What is the Dx when a kid has Intestinal rotation?

A

Paediatric intestinal malrotation w volvulus

113
Q

What is the Tx for Paediatric intestinal malrotation w volvulus?

A

Ladds procedure

114
Q

What epilepsy is characterised by partial seizures at night (or when they just wake up)?

A

Benign Rolandic epilepsy
(Ronaldo having partial seizures as a kid at night bc hes too good to sleep)

115
Q

What is the Mx of Pyloric stenosis in a newborn?

A

Ramstedt pyloromyotomy
(cut it basically)

116
Q

What are the Stepwise approach for Asthma Mx in UNDER 5’s? (4 steps)

A
  • Step 1: SABA
  • Step 2: MODERATE dose ICS (8 wk trial)
  • Step 3: SABA + Low dose ICS + LTRA
  • Step 4: Stop LTRA n refer
117
Q

What are the Stepwise approach for Asthma Mx in OVER 5’s?

A

Same as adults pretty much

#passmed 2023 (39 decks)

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