Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

#passmed 2023 > Opthalmology > Flashcards

Opthalmology Flashcards

1
Q

What condition does MS increase the risk of?

A

Optic neuritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What other conditions increase risk of Optic neuritis? (3 things)

A
  1. DM
  2. MS (investigate w MRI brain)
  3. Syphilis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the CF of Optic Neuritis? (5 things)

A
  1. Unilateral visual acuity reduction (over hours / days)
  2. Central scotoma
  3. Poor colour discrimination
  4. Pain @ eye movement
  5. RAPD
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a Scotoma?

A

Part of vision occluded by dark blodge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is Central Scotoma assoc w?

A

Optic neuritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How do you investigate for Optic Neuritis?

A

MRI of brain + orbits with contrast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the Mx options for Optic Neuritis?

A

High dose steroids
(4-6 weeks to recover)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is Anterior Uveitis aka?

A

Iritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is Anterior Uveitis assoc w?

A

UC / Crohns / Ankylosing spondylitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the CF of Ant Uveitis? (6 things)

A
  1. Pain
  2. Red eye
  3. Blurred vision
  4. Constricted oval shaped pupil
  5. Photophobia (intense)
  6. Hypopyon (pus in ant chamber, you can see fluid level in eye)
  7. Lacrimation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the Mx options for Ant Uveitis? (3 things)

A
  1. Urgent ophthalmology review
  2. Steroid eye drops
  3. Atropine (aka mydriatics to dilate pupil)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the Mx options for Ant Uveitis? (3 things)

A
  1. Urgent ophthalmology review
  2. Steroid eye drops
  3. Atropine (aka mydriatics to dilate pupil)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does dilating pupil w Atropine in Ant Uveitis help reduce? (2 things)

A
  1. Pain
  2. Photophobia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What condition can give you Horners syndrome, but instead of Sweating you get Pain behind the eye?

A

Carotid artery dissection
(still get miosis and ptosis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the immediate Mx of Acute CA Glaucoma? (3 things)

A
  1. Immediately admit
  2. Eye drops combo (3 things)
  3. IV acetazolamide
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What eye drops combo can you give in Acute CA Glaucoma initial Mx? (3 things)

A
  1. Pilocarpine
  2. Beta blocker (Timolol)
  3. Alpha agonist (Apraclonidine)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How does Pilocarpine work in Acute CA Glaucoma initial Mx? (3 steps)

A
  1. Contracts ciliary muscle
  2. Opens trabecular meshwork
  3. Increase flow of aqueous humour
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How do Alpha agonists, Beta blockers, and IV acetazolamide work in Acute CA Glaucoma initial Mx?

A

Decrease aqueous humour prod / secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the definitive Mx of Acute Glaucoma?

A

Laser peripheral iridotomy
(hole in peripheral iris –> aq humour flows to angle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the Mx options for Primary Open-Angle glaucoma? (3 things)

A
  1. Prostaglandin analogue (PGA) eyedrop (FIRST LINE)
  2. Beta blockers / Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor / Sympathomimetic eye drops
  3. Surgery
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How do you remember MOA of Glaucoma meds?

A
  • Any Inhibitors / Blockers / Antagonists = INHIBIT aq production
  • Any Agonists = INCREASE uveoscleral flow
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is an example of Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor?

A

Dorzolamide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the initial CF of OA glaucoma?

A

Reduced peripheral vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the side fx of Prostaglandin analogue (PGA) eyedrops used in Primary open-angle glaucoma? (2 things)

A
  1. Increased eye lash length
  2. Iris + Periocular pigmentation
    (Prostaglandins make you Pretty n Pigmented)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the difference in RF for CA vs OA Glaucoma?

A
  • Hypermetropia (long sightedness) –> CA
  • Myopia (short sightedness) –> OA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are some CF of Retinal detachment that you didn’t know? (3 things)

A
  1. Flashes in peripheral field, followed by…
  2. Sudden painless LOV
  3. Loss of Red Reflex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the RF for Retinal detachment? (5 things)

A
  1. DM
  2. Myopia (short sightedness)
  3. Age (40+)
  4. Previous cataract surgery
  5. Trauma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the CF / investigation results of Chronic open-angle glaucoma? (4 things)

A
  1. Slow onset peripheral LOV (patient barely even notices it)
  2. NORMAL intraocular pressure
  3. NORMAL gonioscopy (drainage test)
  4. Increased cup-to-disc ratio
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the most common cause of Flashers and Floaters?

A

Posterior vitreous detachment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What does Posterior vitreous detachment happen with?

A

Normal with ageing
(75% ppl over 65)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Is any Tx required for Posterior vitreous detachment?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

If you don’t correct a childhood squint (aka exotropia), what can the child develop?

A

Amblyopia (aka lazy eye)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How can you prevent Exotropia (aka squint) from developing into Amblyopia (aka lazy eye)?

A

Eye patches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

How do you differentiate between Episcleritis and Scleritis?

A
  • Epi = Painless // Scleritis = painful
  • Epi = vessels are mobile @ gentle pressure // Scleritis = vessels deeper so immobile
  • Epi = redness improves with Phenylephrine
34
Q

What are the Mx options for Episcleritis? (2 things)

A
  1. Conservative
  2. Artificial tears (sometimes)
35
Q

What are the Mx options for Scleritis? (2 things)

A
  1. Refer for same day ophthalmology assessment
  2. NSAIDs (first line)
36
Q

What are the complication of Scleritis? (5 things)

A
  1. Perforation of the globe (in severe necrotising scleritis)
  2. Glaucoma (bc Raised IO pressure)
  3. Cataracts
  4. Retinal detachment
  5. Uveitis
37
Q

What are the RF for Cataract development? (6 things)

A
  1. DM
  2. Long term steroids
  3. HypOcalcaemia
  4. Smoking / alcohol
  5. Downs syndrome
  6. Scleritis
38
Q

What are the types of ARMD? (2 things)

A
  1. Dry ARMD
  2. Wet ARMD
39
Q

What are the CF of ARMD? (2 things)

A
  1. Straight lines appear wavy
  2. Colours less strong
40
Q

What CF suggest Dry ARMD is progressing to Wet ARMD? (2 things)

A
  1. Central vision loss (esp nearby objects)
  2. Flashing lights
41
Q

What would fundoscopy show if Dry ARMD is progressing to Wet ARMD?

A

Choroidal neovascularisation

42
Q

What fundoscopy findings can you find in both Dry AND Wet ARMD

A

Drusen (yellow deposits)

43
Q

What are the Tx options for Dry / Wet ARMD?

A
  • Dry = nothing
  • Wet = regular anti-VEGF inj (to stop neovasc)
44
Q

What are the CF of Keratitis? (3 things)

A
  1. Painful red eye
  2. Photophobia
  3. Gritty sensation
45
Q

What should you do with Contact lens wearers who present w Painful red eye + gritty?

A

Refer for same day ophthalmology assessment (to exclude Microbial keratitis)

46
Q

What are the CF of Herpes Simplex Keratitis? (3 things)

A
  1. Painful red eye
  2. Photophobia
  3. Dendritic corneal ulcer @ exam
47
Q

What are the RF for Herpes Simplex Keratitis?

A

Recent course of steroids

48
Q

What is the Tx for Herpes Simplex Keratitis?

A

Topical antivirals (e.g aciclovir)

49
Q

What investigation tells you if a person has a Refractive error, as their cause of blurred vision?

A

Pinhole occluder
(if vision improves with occluder = they have a refractive error)

50
Q

In addition to anti-VEGF, what can you use to treat Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy?

A

Panretinal laser photocoagulation

51
Q

What is the Dx of a painful lump at edge of eyelid?

A

Stye (pus filled abscess)

52
Q

What is a Stye?

A

Infection of glands of eyelids

53
Q

What are the Mx options for Stye?

A

Warm steaming / soaking with warm flannel
(don’t need to drain this abscess)

54
Q

What is the classical presentation of Blepharitis? (2 things)

A
  1. Bilateral grittiness
  2. Eyes stuck together in morning
55
Q

What are the CF of Central Retinal Vein occlusion? (2 things)

A
  1. Sudden painless LOV
  2. Severe retinal haemorrhages @ fundoscopy
56
Q

What are the CF of Orbital cellulitis? (3 things)

A
  1. Eye erythema
  2. Pain
  3. Pain @ eye movements
57
Q

What is special about Orbital cellulitis?

A

Medical emergency

58
Q

Why is Orbital cellulitis a Medical emergency? (2 things)

A

Risk of:
1. Cavernous sinus thrombosis
2. Intracranial spread

59
Q

What is the Mx for Orbital cellulitis?

A

Hospital admission for IV abx

60
Q

What is a CI for Lumbar puncture?

A

Raised ICP (aka papilloedema @ fundoscopy)

61
Q

What are the causes of Tunnel vision? (4 things)

A
  1. Papilloedema
  2. Glaucoma
  3. Retinitis pigmentosa
  4. Hysteria
62
Q

What is the Dx?

A

Macular degeneration
(drusen seen around macula)

63
Q

What drops can lead to Corneal ulcers

A

Steroid drops –> fungal infections –> Corneal ulcer

64
Q

What is the Dx of swollen gritty eye, and whats the Tx?

A
  1. Blepharitis
  2. Compress and clean
65
Q

What are Mydriatic drops a risk factor for?

A

Acute CA glaucoma

66
Q

What happens to the optic disc in Primary OA glaucoma?

A

Cupping, due to chronic raised IOP

67
Q

What is the Dx of this, they had sudden painless LOV?

A

Central retinal vein occlusion
(looks like exploding sun / cheese n tomato pizza)

68
Q

What is the Dx of this, they had sudden painless LOV?

A

Branch retinal vein occlusion
(haemorrhage confined to limited area of retina like a patch)

69
Q

What are the CF or common picture of Idiopathic Intracranial HTN? (5 things)

A
  1. Optic disc blurring
  2. Young woman
  3. High BMI
  4. Headache
  5. Visual symptoms worse @ bending over
70
Q

If someone on the phone has new flashers / floaters what should you do?

A

Same day ophthalmology assessment bc could be retinal detachment

71
Q

What is route of administration for Tx of Orbital cellulitis?

A

IV abx (admit them) bc risk of cavernous sinus + intracranial spread

72
Q

What are Argyll-Robertson pupils? (3 things)

A
  1. Small pupils bilaterally
  2. They accommodate
  3. But don’t constrict to light
    (Robinson never saw the light)
73
Q

What is a RF for Subconjunctival haemorrhage?

A

Constipation

pressure min al ja3ba laman 3iyoonak takub dam

74
Q

What is the cause of painful red eye and reduced vision after eye surgery?

A

Endopthalmitits

75
Q

What is the cause of painful red eye and reduced vision after eye surgery?

A

Endopthalmitits

76
Q

What condition has ciliary flush?

A

Ant uveitis

77
Q

How do you differentiate between CA glaucoma and Ant uveitis?

A
  • Ant uveitis: Small pupil
  • CA glaucoma: fixed dilated pupil
78
Q

What is an eye manifestation of RA, that presents with PAINFUL red eye?

A

Scleritis
(remember that Scl antibody thing in rheumatology?)

79
Q

What is an eye manifestation of RA, that presents with PAINLESS red eye?

A

Episcleritis
(remember that Scl antibody thing in rheumatology?)

80
Q

What Dx gives you pale retina?

A

Central retinal Artery occlusion
(pAle retina = Artery occlusion)

81
Q

What are the CF of Central retinal artery occlusion? (4 things)

A
  1. Sudden painless LOV
  2. RAPD
  3. Cherry red spot
  4. Pale retina
82
Q

What are the Dx for Central vs Peripheral LOV?

A
  • Middle loss = Macula degeneration
    * Peripheral loss = Primary glaucoma

#passmed 2023 (39 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions