Paediatrics - cardiology Flashcards
Where do the umbilical arteries run between?
Internal iliac arteries and placenta - there are two of them
Where does the umbilical vein run between?
Placenta and portal vein
Where does the ductus venosus run between?
Umbilical vein and inferior vena cava to bypass the liver
Where does the ductus arteriosis connect?
Pulmonary artery and aorta - shunt blood from pulmonary artery
Does the umbilical arteries carry O2 or not?
No they are deoxygenated
Does the umbilical vein carry O2 or not?
Yes they are oxygenated by placenta
How does the foramen ovale close?
Alveoli open with first breath –> pulmonary BP decreases –> right atrium pressure decreases –> left atrium pushes foramen ovale inward (like a closing valve)
How does the ductus arteriosis close?
Prostaglandins needed to keep ductus arteriosis open –> oxygenated blood causes drop in prostaglandins –> ductus arteriosis closes after a few days
What are some examples of non-cyanotic congenital heart disease (most to least common) (6)?
- VSD
- Patent ductus arteriosus
- ASD
- Pulmonary stenosis
- Aortic stenosis
- Coarctation of the aorta
What is the most common form of heart defect?
Ventricular septal defect
What is the pathophysiology of the movement of blood around the heart in a ventricular septal defect?
Blood is shunted from the left to the right
What happens as a result of left to right shunting of blood in a VSD?
Pulmonary hypertension can occur
What can happen as a result of a severe VSD?
Eisenmenger syndrome - pulmonary pressure increases to more than systemic pressure and the shunt reverses from left to right and becomes right to left
What will happen to the patient as a result of eisenmenger syndrome?
They will become cyanotic
What are symptoms of a VSD (4)?
- Tachypnoea
- Dyspnoea
- Poor feeding
- Failure to thrive
however often symptomless
When are VSD usually picked up (2)?
- Sometimes visible on antenatal scanning
- Ascultation - pansystolic murmur at lower left sternal border
What are some risk factors for VSD?
- Prematurity
- Fam history
- Genetic conditions e.g. Downs, Edwards, Pataus
How are VSDs treated (3)?
- Small = left alone and monitored
- Medication e.g. ACE-i + diuretics
- Transvenous catheter closure
- Open heart surgery
What are some complications of VSD (2)?
- Heart failure
- Endocarditis
What is the flow of blood around the heart in a patient with an atrial septal defect?
Shunting of blood from left to right atria
What are some risk factors for ASD (4)?
- Maternal smoking in first trimester
- Fam history
- Maternal diabetes
- Maternal rubella
What complication of ASD can occur and how would the patient present?
Eisenmenger syndrome - patient would be cyanotic
What are the symptoms of an ASD (4)?
- Tachy/dyspnoea
- Poor weight gain
- Recurrent chest infections
- Difficulty feeding
often asymptomatic however
What would be heard on auscultation of those with ASD?
Soft, systolic ejection murmur
What are some complication of ASD (3)?
- Stroke (from DVT)
- AF
- Pulmonary hypertension
How are ASDs managed (3)?
- Watch and wait if small
- Blood thinners (in adults) to prevent stroke
- Catheter/ surgical repaire
What two other septal defects can occur (other than ASD and VSD)?
- Patent foramen ovale (although not strictly a steal defect)
- Atrio-ventricular septal defect
How would a patent ductus arteriosis present (4)?
Same as an ASD
* Poor feeding
* Recurrent LRTI
* Tachy/dyspnoea
* Poor weight gain
What would a patent ductus arteriosis sound like?
Continuous machinery murmur
How is patent ductus arteriosis managed?
- Medications e.g. ibuprofen to inhibit prostaglandins
- Surgical catheter repair if not closed by age 1
What is congenital pulmonary stenosis?
Pulmonary valve is malformed and has a narrow opening between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery
What does pulmonary stenosis sound like upon auscultation?
Ejection systolic murmur @ 2nd intercostal, left sternal border
What does aortic stenosis sound like?
Ejection systolic murmur @ second intercostal right sternal border
How do congenital pulmonary and aortic stenosis present?
Often asymptomatic, but similar to in adults
What is coarctation of the aorta?
Narrowing of the aorta, usually around the ductus arteriosis