Paediatric Renal and GU Flashcards
Q: What are the typical symptoms of a urinary tract infection (UTI) in children?
Vomiting
Fever
Smelly or cloudy urine
Haematuria
Irritability
Dysuria
Abdominal pain (suprapubic)
Polyuria
New bedwetting
Loin tenderness
Q: What are the most common causative organisms of UTIs?
E. coli (most common)
Klebsiella
Pseudomonas
Q: What is the first-line treatment for a simple UTI in children over 3 months?
Trimethoprim, with dose based on age and weight.
Q: When should children with UTIs be referred to paediatrics?
A:
- If under 3 months (for IV antibiotics).
- If showing symptoms of upper UTI or serious illness.
- If not improving after 48 hours of antibiotics.
Q: What is nephrotic syndrome, and what are its features?
A renal disease characterized by:
Proteinuria
Low serum albumin
Oedema
Q: What is the treatment for nephrotic syndrome?
High-dose steroids (e.g., 60 mg/m² per day for 4 weeks, then reduced over time).
Prophylactic Penicillin V to prevent infections.
Q: What complications are associated with nephrotic syndrome?
- Hypovolaemia – risk of volume depletion.
- Thrombosis – hypercoagulable state due to urinary loss of antithrombin.
- Infection – increased risk of pneumococcal infections.
- Hypercholesterolaemia – correlates with serum albumin drop.
Q: What is hypospadias, and how is it treated?
A congenital abnormality where the urethra opens abnormally on the penis.
Treated with corrective surgery before 2 years of age.
Q: What is testicular torsion, and why is it critical?
A twisting of the spermatic cord, cutting off blood supply to the testicle.
URGENT referral to urology is required to prevent testicular loss.
Q: What imaging studies are used in GU conditions?
Micturating Cystourethrogram (MCUG): Assesses urinary reflux.
Dimercaptosuccinic Acid (DMSA) Scan: Detects renal scarring and damage.
