General Pediatric Dermatology Flashcards
Q: What is a strawberry naevus, and how is it managed?
A: A strawberry naevus (infantile haemangioma) is a benign growth appearing within the first two weeks of life, growing for about a year before involution. Treatment is usually unnecessary unless it causes issues (e.g., obstructing vision), in which case steroids, propranolol, or laser treatment may be used.
Q: What are danger signs for port-wine stains?
A: Significant facial involvement may indicate deeper problems such as glaucoma, brain involvement, or Sturge-Weber syndrome.
Q: What are Mongolian blue spots, and what should they not be mistaken for?
A: Mongolian blue spots are benign birthmarks, common in children of Asian descent, that fade over time. They should not be confused with non-accidental injuries (NAI).
Q: What are the risks associated with large congenital moles?
A: Large congenital moles (>9 cm) carry a 5% risk of melanomatous change, especially in fair-skinned individuals with sun exposure.
Q: How is nappy rash managed?
A: Frequent nappy changes, washing with warm water, using protective zinc oxide creams, and adding topical treatments like nystatin or hydrocortisone for secondary infections.
Q: What is cradle cap, and how is it treated?
A: Cradle cap (infantile seborrhoeic dermatitis) presents as coarse, yellow scales on the scalp. Management involves massaging with baby oil or 2% salicylic acid, followed by mild shampoo.
Q: What are common triggers for eczema flare-ups?
A: Skin infections (staph, strep, herpes), allergens (e.g., cow’s milk protein), and environmental factors like stress.
Q: What is the first-line management for atopic eczema?
A: Emollients, 1% hydrocortisone (avoiding the face), and antibiotics or antivirals if there is secondary infection.
Q: What is the first-line treatment for mild acne?
A: A 12-week course of topical adapalene with benzoyl peroxide or clindamycin.
Q: How is moderate-to-severe acne managed?
A: A combination of topical retinoids, benzoyl peroxide, and oral antibiotics like doxycycline for up to 3 months.
Q: What causes impetigo, and how is it treated?
A: Impetigo is a highly contagious bacterial infection caused by Staph. aureus or Strep. pyogenes. Treat with hydrogen peroxide 1% cream, topical antibiotics (fusidic acid or mupirocin), or oral antibiotics (flucloxacillin) for widespread infection.
Q: What is the characteristic feature of bullous impetigo?
A: Blistering caused by Staph. aureus, commonly in newborns.
Q: What is alopecia areata, and what are its characteristic features?
A: An autoimmune disease causing localized hair loss, often with “exclamation mark” hairs at the edges. Hair typically regrows in 6–12 months.
Q: How does psoriasis present in children, and what is the common treatment?
A: Guttate psoriasis presents with round, scaly patches after a streptococcal infection. Treatment includes bland emollients and, for older children, vitamin D analogues like calcipotriol.
Q: What is molluscum contagiosum?
A: A self-limiting viral infection that causes small, raised, flesh-colored lesions, typically resolving within 6–9 months.
