Paediatric Infectious Diseases

Question 1

How i paediatric severe sepsis defined ?

Answer 1

If >2 of the following:
Respiratory failure
Renal failure
Neurologic failure
Haematological failure
Liver failure

Question 2

What is ARDS ?

Answer 2

Acute respiratory response syndrome - Inflammatory response of the lungs

Question 3

How is SIRS defined ?

Answer 3

Systemic inflammatory response syndrome:
Fever or hypothermia
Tachycardia
Tachypnoea
Leucocytes or Leucocytopenia

Question 4

What is the most common causative pathogen in sepsis in neonates and is also responsible for meningitis ?

Answer 4

1. Group B strep.

2. Ecoli

Question 5

What is the most common causative pathogen in sepsis in children and is also responsible for meningitis ?

Answer 5

1. Strep. Pneumoniae

2. Meningococci

Question 6

What are the symptoms of paediatric sepsis ?

Answer 6

Fever or hypothermia
Cold hands/feet, mottled
Prolonged capillary refill time >2secs
Chills/rigors
Limb pain
Vomiting and/or diarrhoea
Muscles weakness
Muscle/joint aches
Skin rash
Diminished urine output

Question 7

How do you treat sepsis ?

Answer 7

Supportive therapy:
A - airway
B - breathing
C - circulation
DEFG = ‘don’t ever forget glucose’

Causative treatment:
Antibiotics with broad spectrum - good CSF penetration.

Question 8

What investigations would be carried out to diagnose sepsis ?

Answer 8

FBC
CRP
U&Es
Blood gas
Glucose
Culture
CSF

Question 9

What are the signs of sepsis/meningitis in children ?

Answer 9

Nuchal rigidity
Headaches, photophobia
Diminished consciousness
Focal neurological abnormalities
Seizures

Question 10

What are the signs of sepsis/meningitis in neo nates?

Answer 10

Lethargy, Irritability
Bulging fontanelle
Seizures

Question 11

What is the additional treatment for meningitis ?

Answer 11

Chemoprophylaxis and steroids

Question 12

What are some complications of pneumococcal meningitis ?

Answer 12

Brain damage
Hearing loss
Hydrocephalus

Question 13

What type of bacteria is streptococci and how is it treated ?

Answer 13

Gram Positive

Penicillin

Question 14

What type of bacteria is Staphlococci and how is it treated ?

Answer 14

Gram positive.

Flucloxacillin

Resistance issue - MRSA

Question 15

What bacteria causes Scarlet fever ?

Answer 15

Group A strep infection

Question 16

What are the symptoms of scarlet fever ?

Answer 16

Malaise
Fever
Strawberry tongue
Rash

Question 17

How do you treat Group A strep ?

Answer 17

Penicillin 10 days

Question 18

What is Kawasaki disease ?

Answer 18

Self-limited vasculitis of medium sized arteries

Question 19

What are the signs and symptoms of Kawasaki disease ?

Answer 19

Fever for 5 days plus:
Bilateral conjunctival injection.
Cracked lips/strawberry tongue.
Cervical lymphadenopathy.
Polymorphous rash.

Question 20

How do you treat kawasaki’s disease ?

Answer 20

Prevention of complications
Immunoglobulins
Aspirin
Steroids

Question 21

What is the incubation period for VZV infections ?

Answer 21

10-21 days

Question 22

What are the clinical symptoms of VZV ?

Answer 22

Mild malaise
Fever
Itchy

Question 23

What are the complications of VZV infections ?

Answer 23

Secondary staph infections

Arthritis

Question 24

How to treat VZV ?

Answer 24

Aciclovir

Question 25

HSV 1 is what kind of herpes ?

Answer 25

Oral

Question 26

HSV 2 is what kind of infection ?

Answer 26

Gential

Question 27

What is the therapy for HSV ?

Answer 27

Aciclovir

Question 28

What are some of the presentations of antibody deficiencies ?

Answer 28

Defective B cell function

Recurrent bacterial infections

Question 29

What are some of the presentations of cellular immunodeficiencies ?

Answer 29

Impaired/absence of T-cell function.

Present with unusual or opportunistic infections, recurrent/severe viral infections or failure to thrive.

Question 30

What are some of the presentations of innate immune disorders?

Answer 30

Defects in phagocyte function presents with sepsis, abscesses and fungal infections.