Growth and Development Flashcards
What is a neonate defined as?
< 4 weeks old
What is an infant defined as?
<12m/1year
What is a toddler defined as?
1-2 years
What is a definition of pre-school age?
2-5 years
What are the 5 key developmental fields?
Gross Motor Fine Motor Social and Self Help Speech and Language Hearing and Vision
What is a milestone defined as?
An achievement of key developmental skills
What are some influencing factors in a child’s growth and development?
Genetics
Environment
Positive/Negative childhood experience
What are some adverse environmental factors which can influence a child antenatal and postnatal?
Antenatal: Infection (Rubella, Toxoplasmosis) and toxins (Infections, Toxins, Malnutrition (Iron, folate and Vit D), maltreatment and maternal health issues.
What are some of the reasons we assess child development?
Reassurance Early diagnosis and intervention Improving outcomes Genetic counselling Coexistent health issues
What do we use to assess child development?
Healthy Child Programme (HCP) UK
Name some of the red flags in child development
- No social smile by 2 months
- Not sitting unsupported by 9 months
- Not walking unsupported by 18 months
- No words by 2 years
What does the child health programme include?
New born exam and blood spot screening. New-born hearing screening (by day 28). Health visitor first visit. 6-8 review (max 12W). 27-30 month review (Max 32m). Orthoptist vision screening (4-5y).
What happens in the 6-8w review?
Identification data
Feeding (Breast/bottle/both)
Parental concerns
Development of the 5 key skills.
Measurements
Examination (Heart, hips, testes, genitalia, femoral pulses and eyes)
Sleeping position (Supine, prone or side).
What happens in the 27-30m review?
ID
Development of the 5 key stages.
Physical measurements
Diagnoses/other issues.
At what age does the child get their first lot of immunisations?
6-8 weeks
At what age does the child get their 2nd lot of immunizations?
12 wks
No live vaccines if the child is immunocomprimised true or false?
True
Egg allergy is a contraindication to MMR true or false?
False
What are the 3 physical measurements which are key?
Weight (g/Kg).
Length (cm) or Height if >2y.
Head Circumference (cm).
What is the definition of a ‘Centile’?
% divisions of the refernce population sampled.
What is the definition of ‘50th Centile’?
If you take the average 100 healthy children 50 are above this point and 50 are below. About half the kids in class are smaller
What is the definition of the 0.4th centile?
If you take the average 1000 healthy children 4 are below this point 996 are above.
What is the definition of Failure to Thrive ?
Child growing too slowly in form and usually in function at the expected rate for his or her age.
This is not a diagnosis but a description of a pattern.
What are the maternal causes of FTT in early life?
Poor lactation
Incorrectly prepared feeds
Unusual milk or other feeds
Inadequate care
What are the infant causes of FTT in early life?
Prematurity
Small for dates
Oro palatal abnormalities (e.g. cleft palate)
Neuromuscular disease (e.g. cerebral palsy)
Genetic disorders
What are some of the metabolic causes of FTT in early life ?
Congenital lung disease Heart disease Liver disease Renal disease Infection Anemia Inborn errors of metabolism Cystic fibrosis Thyroid disease Crohn’s/ IBD Malignancy
What are some of the nutrient loss causes of FTT ?
Gastro oesophageal reflux
Pyloric stenosis
Gastroenteritis (post-infectious phase)
Malabsorption:
Food allergy Persistent diarrhoea Coeliac disease Pancreatic insuffiency Short bowel syndrome
What are some of the non-medical causes of FTT in early life?
Poverty/ socio-economic status
Dysfunctional family interactions (especially maternal depression or drug use)
Difficult parent-child interactions
Lack of parental support (eg, no friends, no extended family)
Lack of preparation for parenting/ education
Child neglect
Emotional deprivation
Poor feeding or feeding skills disorder
