paediatric cardiology

Question 1

how common is congenital heart disease

Answer 1

• 30% of all congenital anomalies
• 8/1000 live births
• 8 common lesions account for 80% cases of congenital heart disease

Question 2

what are the 8 commonest heart lesions

Answer 2

• VSD
• PDA
• ASD
• pulmonary stenosis
• aortic stenosis
• coarctation of the aorta
• transposition of the great arteries
• TOF

Question 3

aetiology of congenital heart conditions

Answer 3

genetic susceptibility

environmental hazard

teratogenic insults - 18-60 days post conception

Question 4

environmental factor linked to congenital heart conditions

Answer 4

• drugs: alcohol, amphetamines, cocaine, ecstasy, phenytoin, lithium
• infections: TORCH and others
• maternal: DM, SLE

Question 5

what does TORCH stand for

Answer 5

toxoplasma

rubella

CMV

herpes

Question 6

chromosomal abnormalities and congenital heart conditions

Answer 6

6-10% of all CHD have underlying chromosomal problem

30% of chromosomal abnormalities have CHD

Question 7

congenital heart conditions in trisomies

Answer 7

trisomy 13 - 90%

trisomy 18 - 80%

trisomy 21 - 40% - specifically AVSD but ASD and VSD more common

Question 8

other syndromes linked to congenital heart conditions

Answer 8

turner - coarctation of the aorta

Noonan - pulmonary stenosis

Williams - supravalvular aortic stenosis

22q11 deletion syndrome