child development Flashcards
• Recognise and describe the normal pattern of childhood development. • To be familiar with the principle developmental domains and their key component skills. • Describe the key components of the Child Health/ Healthy Child Programmes. • Know the current UK vaccination schedule. • Understand growth monitoring and a basic approach to a child who has faltering growth
phases of childhood
neonate <4wks infant <12m toddler ~1-2y pre-school ~2-5y school age teenage/adolescent
what are the main objective of childhood
growth development attain optimal health develop independence safety and cared for involved alongside other children
what is child development
gaining functional skills throughout childhood
gradual but changes can happen quickly
fairly consistent but rate varies
sequence of events in each domain
when does child development occur
typically birth-5y but brains develop in utero and continue developing in adolescence
school age - cognitive and thought development (early skills become more refined)
what happens in the brain during development
cell growth
migration
connection
pruning
myelination
what are the 5 key developmental fields
gross motor
fine motor
speech and language
hearing and vision
social and self-help
levels of physical development
think about 6m/o, 12m/o and 24m/o
what are the main skills they should have at each age for each domain
6m/o key milestones for each domain
gross motor fine motor hearing and vision social and self-help speech and language
turn head and shift weight when lying on front
ROLLS BACK TO BELLY
SITS W/ HAND SUPPORT - sits steadily w/o support (8-9mths)
scoots/crawls
reaches and grasps w/ whole hand
TRANSFERS TOY FROM ONE HAND TO THE OTHER
USES 2 HANDS TO PICK UP LARGE OBJECTS
enjoys bright colours/shapes BABBLES and makes sounds like dada, mama, baba etc RESPONDS TO NAME - turns and looks responds to mother's voice brief interest in toys and sounds
recognises several people and reaches for familiar people
pushes things away they don’t want
smiles when smiled at
takes everything to mouth
feeds self biscuits or similar food
plays w/ simple objects
makes simple sounds
12m/o key milestones for each domain
gross motor fine motor hearing and vision social and self-help speech and language
moves and holds head easily in all directions sits well w/o support STANDS W/O SUPPORT takes steps WALKS W/O HELP (by 18mths) runs, some falls
passes objects from one hand to the other
stacks 2 or more blocks
picks up 2 small toys in one hand
eyes focus on far objects
understands simple words
begins to do simple things when asked drinks alone from glass insists on doing things by self e.g. feeding feeds self w/ spoon takes longer interest in toys/activities imitates and copies people copies simple actions gives kisses/hugs shows shared attention/pointing to things of interest
begins to use simple single words - 1 or 2 words with meaning
mama/dada (or similar) for parents
24m/o key milestones for each domain
gross motor fine motor hearing and vision social and self-help speech and language
moves and holds head easily in all directions
twists and moves easily while sitting
walking and running
climbs on play equipment
grasps w/ thumb and forefinger
scribbles w/ circular motion
looks at small things/pictures
hears clearly and understands simple language
likes to be praised after completing simple tasks
takes off simple clothes
takes longer interests in toys/activities
begins to play with other children
points at things when asked
helps w/ simple household tasks
opens doors by turning knobs
begins to use simple single words/words together
30-50 word vocabulary
process for assessing development
think of the sequence with each domain
if what you see is normal, chances are what follows will be normal
if what you see is abnormal, what came before and what comes after may be abnormal
what are milestones
achievement of key development skills
social smile, sitting, walking, first words
there is still a variation of normal
when to refer if milestones aren’t met
refer if not achieved by limit age - 2SDs from mean
correct for prematurity until 2y - e.g. born 2mths early, allow 2mths leeway
what factors influence our development
genetics - family, race, gender
environment
+ve early childhood experience
developing brain is vulnerable to insult - antenatal, post-natal, abuse and neglect
antenatal adverse environmental factors that influence child development
infection:
- CMV
- rubella
- toxo
- VZV
toxins:
- alcohol
- smoking
- anti-epileptics
