PA and SB in relation to physical and mental health and cognition Flashcards
why are systematic reviews important
gold standard form of evidence
summarises all research in that area to come to a consensus
stronger evidence bc increased number of total participants
allows robust suggestions about best practice
What are some findings of reviews looking at the association between PA and health
Associated with numberous health benefits e.g adiposity, metabolic syndrome, blood pressure
also beneficial for mental health, fitness and bone health
observational studies = dose response relationship between increased PA and better health
even modest amounts of PA can be beneficial for obese and overweight
why may benefits of PA be harder to demonstrate in normal weight children
may not have had sufficient time to develop disease markers for things such as metabolic syndrome unless particually obese or overweight
what is the main limitation of studies between PA and health
observation therefore cannot infer causality
give a critique of the cliff paper reviewing the link between SB and health
Used accelerometer data so is actually measuring sedentary time, not SB
What were the main findings of the cliff review paper looking at SB and health
No relationship between adiposity and SB
No assocation between SB and many commonly studied health outcomes
metabolic health is worse if do sitting in long bouts rather than breaking up into shorter periods
Give some reasons where there may have been limited findings in the Cliff paper
could have been sedentary but otherwise healthy
children may not have had sufficient time to spend enough time sedentary to cause a negative impact on health
most data is from v young people so is less likely that sitting will be deleterious at this age
Newer area of study, further work may find a link
What factors need to be considered when considering the risk of bias in a trial
Was sample representative and randomly selected?
did enough participants have complete data
was the measure of SB valid, e.g cut points used shown to be valid
Was MVPA included as a covariate in analysis
What were the findings of tremblay’s review into the asssociattions betwen TV time and health
> 2 hrs a day was associated with unfavourable:
body composition fitness self-esteem pro-social behaviour academic achievment
what is a limitation with the Tremblay review
96% of data was self report so risk of bias and under reporting etc
Give examples of how cognitive function can be measured
reaction time to a stimulus
D2 attention test
EEG
What were the results from the Donnely review into PA and cognition
increased physical fitness or single bouts of PA or participation in PA interventions were beneficial to cognitive functioning
effect depended on what was being measured
give some possible reasons as to why increased PA is beneficial to cognition
increased release of neurotransmiters
increased blood flow to brain
socialisation and participation requires the use of cognitive functioning
What are some of the findings from the ODC review into PA and cognition
CDC review
50% of associations were positive
48% non-significant
therefore no real negative impact being shown
what were the findings of studies looking at classroom PA and academic achivement
In the CDC review
8/9 studies into active breaks or lessons showed positive effects
better engagement and recall of the lessons
what were the findings of the Singh review into PA and academic achievement
strong evidence of a positive relationship
high quality observational and intervention studies suggest that being more physically active is related to improved academic performance
What were some findings from a review into physically active lessons
educational outcomes were improved or no different
so evidence of improved outcomes with PAL
what is a limitation of the review into the impact of PAL
only 3/11 studies included educational outcomes
what were the results from the intervention study into PAL
2 years of 3 active lessons per week in maths and spelling = 4 months of learning gains in standardised tests
what are some limitations of the Singh review into PA and academic achievement
Small number of studies
small sample size
observational data so can’t infer causality
what were the findings from the prospective study into associations between PA, SB and exam results
PA not associated to academic performance
extra hour of screen time at 14.5 was associated with 2 fewer GCSE grades
screen time still assocaited with poorer scores when adjusted for PA/SED and reading/homework
inverse ‘u’ relationship between non-screen time SB and academic performance, peaking at 4 hrs/day
what are possible reasons for the increased academic achievment demonstrated with physically active lessons
more enjoyment of lessons
engaged in lessons more
paid more attention to lessons
testing employed wasn’t robust
what are the overall summarised findings of the assocation between PA and SB and cognition
depends on what’s being measured
single bouts can benefit cognitive function
(either due to immidiate increased perfusion or chronic blood flow adaptation)
relationship between daily PA and cognition is still ambiguous
what are the overal sumarised findigns of the association between PA/SB and academic achievment
no harm
can cause improvement in some subjects
inverse association between TV time and academic achievement
relationship between daily PA and academic achievement unclear
in the cliff review reading, what reasons were given for the lack of association found
cut off points used may not always have been valid
accelerometers can’t tell difference between standing and SB so may over-estimate SB
SB, light activity and MVPA are codependant
lower exposure and shorter lifetime exposure vs adults to cause negative consequences
children may have higher levels of PA, more MVPA and generally healthier cardio-metabolic profiles than adults
what were the main findings from this weeks reading
limited evidence of association between vol or pattern and health
association weaker if low risk of bias or MVPA accounted for
association with adiposity or cardiometabolic health may be stronger in overweight/obese children
more breaks in sitting time was associated with lower adiposity
give some strengths of the findings from the reading
only used objective measures
wide range of health outcomes included
adjusted for ROB and MVPA
catagorised evidence levels for studies
give some limitations from this weeks reading
<50% were classified as having low ROB
largely based on cross sectional evidence
meta analyisis couldn’t include all studies reviewed
used accelerometer data rather than inclinometer
leniant criteria for risk of bias
What were the aims of the cliff review paper
determine if objectively measured SB is associated with adverse health and development
determine if pattern of SB is also associated
Are the associations independant of MVPA
what are the moderators of the associations
Give an overview of the methods of the Cliff review paper
studies included that objectively measured patterns and amount of SB in children, and outcomes
evidence was catagorised for strength
and was also adjusted for ROB and MVPA`
What key future directions did the Cliff review paper highlight
Longitudal or experimental evidence
