PA and SB in relation to physical and mental health and cognition Flashcards

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1
Q

why are systematic reviews important

A

gold standard form of evidence

summarises all research in that area to come to a consensus

stronger evidence bc increased number of total participants

allows robust suggestions about best practice

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2
Q

What are some findings of reviews looking at the association between PA and health

A

Associated with numberous health benefits e.g adiposity, metabolic syndrome, blood pressure

also beneficial for mental health, fitness and bone health

observational studies = dose response relationship between increased PA and better health

even modest amounts of PA can be beneficial for obese and overweight

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3
Q

why may benefits of PA be harder to demonstrate in normal weight children

A

may not have had sufficient time to develop disease markers for things such as metabolic syndrome unless particually obese or overweight

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4
Q

what is the main limitation of studies between PA and health

A

observation therefore cannot infer causality

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5
Q

give a critique of the cliff paper reviewing the link between SB and health

A

Used accelerometer data so is actually measuring sedentary time, not SB

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6
Q

What were the main findings of the cliff review paper looking at SB and health

A

No relationship between adiposity and SB

No assocation between SB and many commonly studied health outcomes

metabolic health is worse if do sitting in long bouts rather than breaking up into shorter periods

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7
Q

Give some reasons where there may have been limited findings in the Cliff paper

A

could have been sedentary but otherwise healthy

children may not have had sufficient time to spend enough time sedentary to cause a negative impact on health

most data is from v young people so is less likely that sitting will be deleterious at this age

Newer area of study, further work may find a link

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8
Q

What factors need to be considered when considering the risk of bias in a trial

A

Was sample representative and randomly selected?

did enough participants have complete data

was the measure of SB valid, e.g cut points used shown to be valid

Was MVPA included as a covariate in analysis

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9
Q

What were the findings of tremblay’s review into the asssociattions betwen TV time and health

A

> 2 hrs a day was associated with unfavourable:

body composition 
fitness 
self-esteem
pro-social behaviour 
academic achievment
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10
Q

what is a limitation with the Tremblay review

A

96% of data was self report so risk of bias and under reporting etc

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11
Q

Give examples of how cognitive function can be measured

A

reaction time to a stimulus

D2 attention test

EEG

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12
Q

What were the results from the Donnely review into PA and cognition

A

increased physical fitness or single bouts of PA or participation in PA interventions were beneficial to cognitive functioning

effect depended on what was being measured

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13
Q

give some possible reasons as to why increased PA is beneficial to cognition

A

increased release of neurotransmiters

increased blood flow to brain

socialisation and participation requires the use of cognitive functioning

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14
Q

What are some of the findings from the ODC review into PA and cognition

CDC review

A

50% of associations were positive
48% non-significant

therefore no real negative impact being shown

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15
Q

what were the findings of studies looking at classroom PA and academic achivement

In the CDC review

A

8/9 studies into active breaks or lessons showed positive effects

better engagement and recall of the lessons

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16
Q

what were the findings of the Singh review into PA and academic achievement

A

strong evidence of a positive relationship

high quality observational and intervention studies suggest that being more physically active is related to improved academic performance

17
Q

What were some findings from a review into physically active lessons

A

educational outcomes were improved or no different

so evidence of improved outcomes with PAL

18
Q

what is a limitation of the review into the impact of PAL

A

only 3/11 studies included educational outcomes

19
Q

what were the results from the intervention study into PAL

A

2 years of 3 active lessons per week in maths and spelling = 4 months of learning gains in standardised tests

20
Q

what are some limitations of the Singh review into PA and academic achievement

A

Small number of studies
small sample size
observational data so can’t infer causality

21
Q

what were the findings from the prospective study into associations between PA, SB and exam results

A

PA not associated to academic performance

extra hour of screen time at 14.5 was associated with 2 fewer GCSE grades

screen time still assocaited with poorer scores when adjusted for PA/SED and reading/homework

inverse ‘u’ relationship between non-screen time SB and academic performance, peaking at 4 hrs/day

22
Q

what are possible reasons for the increased academic achievment demonstrated with physically active lessons

A

more enjoyment of lessons

engaged in lessons more

paid more attention to lessons

testing employed wasn’t robust

23
Q

what are the overall summarised findings of the assocation between PA and SB and cognition

A

depends on what’s being measured

single bouts can benefit cognitive function
(either due to immidiate increased perfusion or chronic blood flow adaptation)

relationship between daily PA and cognition is still ambiguous

24
Q

what are the overal sumarised findigns of the association between PA/SB and academic achievment

A

no harm

can cause improvement in some subjects

inverse association between TV time and academic achievement

relationship between daily PA and academic achievement unclear

25
Q

in the cliff review reading, what reasons were given for the lack of association found

A

cut off points used may not always have been valid

accelerometers can’t tell difference between standing and SB so may over-estimate SB

SB, light activity and MVPA are codependant

lower exposure and shorter lifetime exposure vs adults to cause negative consequences

children may have higher levels of PA, more MVPA and generally healthier cardio-metabolic profiles than adults

26
Q

what were the main findings from this weeks reading

A

limited evidence of association between vol or pattern and health

association weaker if low risk of bias or MVPA accounted for

association with adiposity or cardiometabolic health may be stronger in overweight/obese children

more breaks in sitting time was associated with lower adiposity

27
Q

give some strengths of the findings from the reading

A

only used objective measures
wide range of health outcomes included
adjusted for ROB and MVPA
catagorised evidence levels for studies

28
Q

give some limitations from this weeks reading

A

<50% were classified as having low ROB
largely based on cross sectional evidence
meta analyisis couldn’t include all studies reviewed
used accelerometer data rather than inclinometer
leniant criteria for risk of bias

29
Q

What were the aims of the cliff review paper

A

determine if objectively measured SB is associated with adverse health and development

determine if pattern of SB is also associated

Are the associations independant of MVPA

what are the moderators of the associations

30
Q

Give an overview of the methods of the Cliff review paper

A

studies included that objectively measured patterns and amount of SB in children, and outcomes

evidence was catagorised for strength

and was also adjusted for ROB and MVPA`

31
Q

What key future directions did the Cliff review paper highlight

A

Longitudal or experimental evidence