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BIOE 211 > P4. Health Indicators, Demography, & Population Estimation > Flashcards

P4. Health Indicators, Demography, & Population Estimation Flashcards

1
Q
  • tools to measure a specific health concept of interest.
  • numeric measures which help measure the targeted or expected results of health programs.
A

Health Indicators

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2
Q

4 Types of Health Indicators

A
  1. aspect of health being measured
  2. group referred to
  3. time covered by the events
  4. components of the evaluation framework
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3
Q

According to the aspect of health being measured:
1. measure health outcomes and/or their risk factors
2. measure aspects of the performance of health services or public health programs

A
  1. health status indicators
  2. health service performance indicators
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4
Q

According to the group referred to:
1. describes the total population which is used as the denominator in the computation
2. describes only a specific sub-group of the total population being considered

A
  1. Crude Rates
  2. Specific Rates

CRUDE DEATH RATE (CDR)
AGE-SPECIFIC DEATH RATE (ASDR)

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5
Q

According to the time covered by the events:
1. occurred during the specific point in time being considered
2. occurred over a period of time

A
  1. point in time
  2. period of time

PREVALENCE
INCIDENCE

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6
Q

According to the (four) components of the evaluation framework:

A
  1. input indicators
  2. output indicators
  3. outcome indicators
  4. impact indicators
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7
Q

resources needed to deliver the essential services to the population or to achieve project objectives

  • Number of posters and brochures on family planning
  • Number of community volunteers trained to conduct health education
A

Input indicators

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8
Q

direct products of project activities. Generally in the form of activities and processes undertaken

  • Number of couples who have seen or received the posters
  • Number of health education classes conducted
A

Output indicators

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9
Q

immediate result of the services or activities implemented

  • % increase in the level of knowledge among couples on family planning
  • % increase in number of family planning acceptors
A

Outcome indicators

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10
Q

intended or unintended long-term organizational/community changes

  • decrease in the average number of children per family
  • decrease in the population growth rate
A

Impact indicators

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11
Q

Three Conventional Health Status Indicators:

A
  • Measures of Morbidity
  • Measures of Mortality
  • Measures of Fertility
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12
Q

Four Computing Indicators:

A
  • Absolute numbers
  • Ratios
  • Proportions
  • Rates
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13
Q
  • Simple count of the number of persons, houses or events being considered
  • Easy to understand but difficult to interpret especially when making comparisons among groups with different sizes
A

ABSOLUTE NUMBERS

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14
Q
  • Result of dividing one number by another
  • Reserved for measures wherein the numerator is not part of the denominator
A

RATIO

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15
Q
  • Special kind of ratio wherein the numerator is part of the denominator
  • When multiplied by 100 – called as percentage
A

PROPORTION

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16
Q
  • measures how fast an event occurs over time or space
  • expressed in terms of the frequency of occurrence of events

common example in health is the ____?

A

RATE

incidence rate of a disease

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17
Q

scientific study of human populations

A

Demography

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18
Q

“Study of the size, territorial distribution, and composition of the population, changes therein, and the components of such changes”
Hauser and Duncan (1959:2)

A

Demography

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19
Q

3 Components (?) of Demography:

A
  1. Population Size
  2. Population Structure/ Composition
  3. Population distribution in Space
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20
Q

Population size is affected by?

A
  1. Natality
  2. Mortality
  3. Migration
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21
Q

2 METHODS OF POPULATION ALLOCATION:

A
  1. De Facto Method
  2. De Jure Method
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22
Q

people are counted or allocated to the area where they were physically present at the time of the census B.

A

De Facto Method

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23
Q

people are counted or allocated to the place of their usual residence

A

De Jure Method

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24
Q

Determines the number of percentages of the population according to the categories of important socio-demographic-economic variables.

most basic description is according to

A

Population Composition

age and sex

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25
Q

4 FACTORS AFFECTING POPULATION COMPOSITION:

A
  1. birth rate
  2. death rate
  3. emigration
  4. immigration
26
Q

Birth rate

A

of births per 1000 population

27
Q

Death rate

A

of deaths per 1000 population

28
Q

number of people leaving a country

A

Emigration

29
Q

number of people moving to a country

A

Immigration

30
Q

DESCRIBING THE AGE COMPOSITION OF A POPULATION:

A
  1. Median Age
  2. Age Dependency Ratio
31
Q

the age below which we have 50% of the population

A

Median Age

32
Q
  • indicator of age-induced economic drain on human resources
  • Children (0-14yo)
  • Elderly (≥65yo)
  • Computed as the ratio of the dependents to the economically active group (15-64) of the population
A

Age Dependency Ratio

33
Q

DESCRIBING THE SEX COMPOSITION OF A POPULATION:

A

Sex Ratio

34
Q
  • computed by dividing the number of males by the number of females using a factor of 100.
  • Interpreted as the number of males for every
    100 females     in the population.
A

Sex Ratio

35
Q
  • Graphical presentation of the age and sex structure of a population
  • Either the actual population count or the percentage of the population can be graphed
  • Special type of histogram
  • Male = left
  • Female = right (BAHAHAHA)
  • Youngest = base
  • Oldest = top
A

THE POPULATION PYRAMID

36
Q

Description of how people are distributed in a specified space or geographic area

A

Population Distribution

37
Q

Population Distribution is affected by?

A
  • physical
  • political
  • social/cultural
  • economic
38
Q

Indicators of Population Distribution:

A

Population Density
Crowding Index

39
Q
  • Computation of future changes in population numbers
  • given certain assumptions about future trends in the rates of fertility, mortality and migration
A

Population Estimation

40
Q

Purposes of Population Estimates:

A
  • analysis of various trends
  • measuring shifts in population
  • determining allocation of public funds/ political representation in the government
  • For planning
41
Q

5 Measures of Change in Population Size:

A
  • Natural increase
  • Rate of natural increase
  • Relative increase
  • Absolute increase per year (b)
  • Annual rate of growth (r)
42
Q

Natural increase in a specific place and time.

A

number of births – number of deaths

43
Q
  • Rate of natural increase in a specific place and time
  • expressed as rate
A

crude birth rate (CBR) – crude death rate (CDR)

44
Q

P0

A

population size at an initial time
time 0

45
Q

population size at time t

A

Pt

46
Q
  • Actual difference between 2 census counts
  • expressed in percent relative to the population size of the prior census
A

RELATIVE INCREASE

47
Q

Measures the average number of people added to the population per year

A

. ABSOLUTE INCREASE PER YEAR (b)

48
Q

ABSOLUTE INCREASE PER YEAR (b)

t

A

number of years between time 0 and time t

49
Q
  • Also utilize results of 2 censuses to quantify the amount of change in population size.
  • Assumes that the population is changing at a
    constant rate per year.
A

ANNUAL RATES OF GROWTH (r)

50
Q

Take into account all the operations that can affect population size

A

Methods of Estimation

51
Q

2 METHODS OF ESTIMATION

A
  1. COMPONENT METHOD
  2. MATHEMATICAL METHOD
52
Q

Also known as inflow-outflow or balancing equation method

A

COMPONENT METHOD

53
Q

COMPONENT METHOD

B

A

births in the interval 0 and t

54
Q

COMPONENT METHOD

D

A

deaths in the interval 0 and t

55
Q

COMPONENT METHOD

I

A

immigration between 0 and t

56
Q

COMPONENT METHOD

O

A

out-migration between 0 and t

57
Q

3 TYPES OF MATHEMATICAL METHOD:

A
  1. arithmetic method
  2. geometric method
  3. exponential method
58
Q

assumes equal change every year

A

arithmetic method

59
Q

assumes that the population changes at the same rate over each unit

A

geometric method

60
Q

assumes a constant rate of change (r) and population is increasing continuously

A

exponential method

61
Q

constant equivalent of e is?

A

2.71

BIOE 211 (35 decks)

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