P1. Nature of Biostatistics and Data Processing

Question 1

Science dealing with the collection, organization, analysis, and interpretation of numerical data.

COAI

Answer 1

Statistics

Question 2

Art of summarizing data so that non-statistician can understand it.

Answer 2

Statistics

Question 3

• tool in decision making
• formulation of good judgement
• METHOD or DATA

Answer 3

Statistics

Question 4

BIO means?
STATISTICS means?

Answer 4

LIFE
DATA

Question 5

a special branch of statistics which deals with quantitative and qualitative aspects of vital phenomena

Answer 5

Biostatistics

Question 6

data required in the planning, administration, and evolution of health programs

Answer 6

Health Statistics

Question 7

2 Branches of Statistics?

Answer 7

1. Descriptive Statistics
2. Inferential Statistics

Question 8

• summarize and present data
• measures of central tendency & variability
• tabulation & graphical presentation
• understanding, analysis and interpretation of data

Answer 8

Descriptive Statistics

Question 9

• conclusions & generalizations about target population from a sample.
• Estimation of parameters and hypotheses testing.

Answer 9

Inferential Statistics

Question 10

all members of a specified group

Answer 10

Population

Question 11

subset of a population

Answer 11

Sample

Question 12

measure of a characteristic of a population

Answer 12

Parameter

Question 13

value of a characteristic that remains the same from person to person, from time to time or from place to place

Answer 13

Constant

Question 14

characteristics takes on different values

Answer 14

Variable

Question 15

Types of Data according to Source:

Answer 15

Primary Data
Secondary Data

Question 16

Types of Variables:
1. descriptions or labels to distinguish one group from another
2. can be measured and ordered according to quantity or amount and expressed numerically

Answer 16

1. qualitative
2. quantitative

Question 17

Types of Quantitative Data:
1. can assume a finite or countable number of values.
2. can assume an infinity or other possible values

Answer 17

1. discrete
2. continuous

Question 18

Scale of Measurement of Variables:

Answer 18

1. Nominal
2. Ordinal
3. Interval
4. Ratio

Question 19

• names or identifiers of a category
• Always qualitative
• Does not represent any amount or quantity

Answer 19

Nominal

Question 20

• ordered series of relationships
• May be qualitative or quantitative

Answer 20

Ordinal

Question 21

• Does not have a true-zero value starting point
• Always quantitative

Answer 21

Interval

Question 22

• Modified interval level which includes zero as a starting point
• Always quantitative

Answer 22

Ratio

Question 23

Systematic procedure to ensure that the information/data gathered are complete, consistent and suitable for analysis.

Answer 23

Data Processing

Question 24

Biostatistics Flowchart?

Answer 24

1. Data Collection
2. Data Processing (coding, encoding, editing)
3. Analysis

Question 25

**Conversion of verbal/written information into numbers** which can be more easily encoded, counted and tabulated.

Answer 25

Data Coding

Question 26

4 types of codes:

Answer 26

1. field code 2. bracket code 3. factual code 4. pattern code

Question 27

actual value or information given by the respondent

Answer 27

Field Code

Question 28

recorded as **range of values rather than actual values**

Answer 28

Bracket Code

Question 29

codes are assigned to a **list of categories of a given variable**

Answer 29

Factual Code

Question 30

applicable for **questions with multiple responses**

Answer 30

Pattern Code

Question 31

Rules in Code Construction:

Answer 31

* Number of rules must be kept to minimum (<8) * Codes should be exhaustive and mutually exclusive * Adopt coding convention for questions with similar answers

Question 32

Coding Problems

Answer 32

- No response - Not applicable questions

Question 33

**A document which contains a record of all codes assigned** to the responses to all questions in the data collection form

Answer 33

Coding Manual

Question 34

Minimum information that must be included in a coding manual?

Answer 34

1. variable name 2. variable description 3. coding instructions

Question 35

id - Enter as is (number must be unique)

Answer 35

Identification number

Question 36

com - 1 = ? - 2 = ?

Answer 36

Type of community - 1 = rural - 2 = urban

Question 37

name - Enter as is

Answer 37

Name of respondent

Question 38

sex - 1 = ? - 2 = ? - 9 = ?

Answer 38

Gender of respondent - 1 = male - 2 = female - 9 = no asnwer

Question 39

age - Enter as is - 9 – no answer

Answer 39

Age in years

Question 40

occ - 1 = ? - 2 = ? - 3 = ? - 9 = no asnwer

Answer 40

Occupation of respondent - 1 = white collar - 2 = blue collar - 3 = none

Question 41

fhpn - 1 = ? - 2 = ? - 7 = ? - 9 = no asnwer

Answer 41

Family history of HPN - 1 = with - 2 = without - 7 = i don't know

Question 42

**Entering the data/responses** in a spreadsheet – MS Excel – MS Access – Epi Info

Answer 42

Data Encoding

Question 43

**Inspection and correction of any errors** or **inconsistencies** in the information collected ## Footnote must be done (?) during **data collection, encoding, before data analysis**

Answer 43

Data Editing

Question 44

2 types of Editing?

Answer 44

1. Field Editing 2. Central Editing

Question 45

- **Reviewing** the accomplished data collection forms - **Decoding** of abbreviations or special symbols - **Making callbacks/messages for verification/clarification** of incomplete answers

Answer 45

Field Editing

Question 46

- **Checking of inconsistencies and incorrect entries** after receiving the questionnaire from the field - **Checking of encoded data**

Answer 46

Central Editing