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Geography > P2B Changing economic world > Flashcards

P2B Changing economic world Flashcards

1
Q

define development

A

an improvement in living standards through better use of resources

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2
Q

describe the Brandt line

A
  • shows a divide in economic wealth
  • countries in northern hemisphere tend to be richer
  • anomaly identified is Australia+ New Zealand which were identified as rich countries
  • line is becoming increasingly inaccurate
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3
Q

describe the Human Development Index (HDI) and why it is considered the best development indicator

A
  • takes into account life expectancy, education, and wealth/standard of living
  • has more depth than other indicators, such as only considering wealth
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4
Q

state economic development indicators (3)

A
  • employment type- proportion of population working in primary/secondary/tertiary/quaternary industries
  • GDP per capita- total value of goods/services produced in a country per person (per yr)
  • GNI per capita- average gross national income per person (per yr)
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5
Q

state social development indicators (3)

A
  • infant mortality- no. children who die bfr age 1, per 1000 live births
  • literacy rate- percentage of population over 15yrs who can read+write
  • life expectancy- average lifespan of someone born in that country
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6
Q

describe the first stage of the demographic transition model

A

high birth rate, high death rate
low population
no population growth
eg. native tribes

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7
Q

describe the second stage of the demographic transition model

A

high birth rate, declining death rate
low population growth
eg. Kenya, India

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8
Q

describe the third stage of the demographic transition model

A

low birth rate, low declining death rate
high population growth
eg. Brazil

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9
Q

describe the fourth stage of the demographic transition model

A

low birth rate, low death rate
no population growth
eg. USA, France, UK

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10
Q

describe the fifth stage (predicted) of the demographic transition model

A

low birth rate, low decreasing death rate
(predicted) population decline
eg. Japan, Germany

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11
Q

why do LICs have a high death rate (stage 1 DTM)

A
  • no access to healthcare to treat diseases (native tribes, LICs)
  • tough weather conditions
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12
Q

why do LICs have a high birth rate (stage 1 DTM)

A
  • mortality rate is high so people have a lot of kids
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13
Q

why do HICs have a low death rate (stage 4/5 DTM)

A
  • access to good healthcare
  • able to afford healthcare
  • better quality of life so people live longer
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14
Q

why do HICs have a low birth rate (stage 4/5 DTM)

A
  • access to contraception
  • many people don’t want lots of children
  • adoption from foreign countries
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15
Q

describe human factors affecting uneven development (6)

A
  • HISTORY: rich countries colonised others with resources to expand+exploit, Europe developed but slowed down development in LICs
  • WORLD TRADE: HICs buy LIC resources at a low price (benefits HICs), goods+services more profitable than raw materials
  • POLITICS: corrupt LIC leaders sell resources at a low price for personal benefit, stability of gov. affects country’s ability to trade+ invest
  • EDUCATION: educated people earn more money+ pay more taxes (taxes help HICs develop), a more skilled workforce can produce more goods+services for trade
  • WARS/CIVIL WARS: ethnic/tribal/religious groups in LICs fight for political power (money loss), LICs often lose wars due to poorer resources
  • HEALTHCARE: ill people cannot work so no contribution to economy
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16
Q

describe physical factors affecting uneven development (4)

A
  • NATURAL DISASTERS: (LICs) cause destruction/death/injury, more money spent on repairs+healthcare, educated people die
  • CLIMATE: rainfall can benefit farming, people cannot work in extreme climates so no contribution to economy, climate attracts tourists so beneficial, farmers have reduced income in poor growing seasons
  • NATURAL RESOURCES: availability of timber/coal provides energy+trading resources, LICs may be invaded
  • LOCATION/TERRAIN: landlocked countries difficult to trade, mountainous places difficult for farming, scenery attracts tourits
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17
Q

describe consequences of uneven development (3)

A
  • WEALTH: people in more developed countries have higher incomes, can afford services
  • HEALTH: better healthcare in developed countries means people live longer
  • MIGRATION: people move to nearby countries which are more developed for better opportunities+ standard of living
18
Q

describe global trade between HICs/LICs/NEEs

A
  • HICs benefit from LIC raw materials and NEE manufactured goods
  • these poorer countries then benefit from the resulting income made from global trades
19
Q

describe economic benefits of TNCs for the host country/LIC

A
  • provides local people with direct jobs+ a wage (factory work)
  • TNCs pay tax to the government which can be spent on development projects
  • creates a multiplier affect- thousands of indirect jobs created (delivery/tourism)
    +social benefits: allows people to provide for families, improved services improves quality of life
20
Q

describe economic benefits of microfinance loans from HICs for LICs

A
  • allows people to pay back debts
  • use money for daily expenses
  • use loan to fund a small business to generate more income- can be run by women in their home eg. sewing clothes
21
Q

describe international aid (pros/cons +example)

A
  • gift of money/goods/services to an LIC, from a charity/NGO or HIC/rich person
  • for long-term development projects
  • given when LIC is suffering from famine/natural disasters
  • aid sometimes doesn’t reach those in need due to corruption, eg. governments syphon off a large portion of money
  • eg. rope hand pump funded by NGOs/ WaterAid/ UNICEF, locals maintain+ build the pump themselves, provides safe drinking water
22
Q

describe the location+ significance of an NEE which benefits economically from tourism (case study)

A

Tunisia: north Africa, coast of Mediterranean sea, cpaital named Tunis (in far north)
* popular tourist attraction- 7.1m people brought $1b in 2017
* sandy beaches, warm sea, beautiful scenery - hot summer weather
* ancient history+ culture, set of Star Wars
* life expectancy has risen fron 42-74yrs
* government reforms helped the country to diversify+ grow the economy- through promoting tourism+ manufacturing

23
Q

describe economic benefits of tourism in an NEE (case study)

A

Tunisia
* multiplier effect- thousands of indirect jobs created, eg. taxi companies to transport tourists
* tourists spend money in informal sectors eg. markets and formal sectors eg. hotels/restaurants
* 473,000 local jobs, 15% of the economy from tourism

24
Q

describe drawbacks of tourism in an NEE (case study) (3)

A

Tunisia
* increase in pollution- larger amount of waste pollutes beaches, unappealing for tourists
* leakage of profits- foreign travel companies keep large % of profits, limits money for local reinvestment
* terrorism- 2 attacks in 2015- declared an unsafe location which reduces no. tourists+ foreign investment

25
Q

how effective was tourism in an NEE for reducing the development gap? (case study)

A

Tunisia- extremely effective
* GDP increased x5 (quintupled) to $42B
* life expectancy risen to 75yrs, local health improved
* GNI per capita trebled
* Tunisia now one of the wealthiest countries in Africa
* more educated children- school compulsory for both genders

26
Q

describe the location+ significance of an NEE which benefits economically from TNCs (case study)

A

India: south-east Asia, tropic of cancer, coast of Indian ocean
* largest population in the world- 1.4B
* fast-growing economy but high wealth inequality, 1 in 5 live in poverty
* part of the BRIC countries (richest NEEs)
* industrial structure has changed significantly from primary to tertiary industry
* imports mostly raw materials which are processed into higher-value products+ exported

27
Q

describe benefits that a TNC brings to its host country (NEE case study)

A

Coca-Cola plant in Kaladera, India
* company plans to invest several hundred million $ into community projects- helps development
* work with government to improve infrastructure, eg. Delhi-Mumbai industrial corridor built, improves links (jobs/trade) between major cities
* increases employment (multiplier effect) and tax revenues

28
Q

describe drawbacks that a TNC brings to its host country (NEE case study)

A

Coca-Cola plant in Kaladera, India
* environmental+social conflict, eg. company accused of draining water from local villages, uses 900,000l of water per yr
* farmers must drill deeper for water for fields- increased danger/cost/energy usage
* TNCs can esily use their market power to drive down supply prices
* harsh working conditions- accused of using child labour
* India cannot afford to refuse Coca-Cola’s business /TNCs as they depend on the money they bring for development
*

29
Q

describe the UK industrial sectors (+examples)

A

PRIMARY: farming, mining, forestry
SECONDARY: factory work, building (eg. Coca-Cola production)
TERTIARY: commercial (shops), social (teachers), entertainment (restaurants, tourism)
QUATERNARY: genetics researcher, ICT

30
Q

describe the current UK economy/industry

A
  • declining primary industry due to increased mechanisation+ importing of resources
  • declining secondary industry due to de-industrialisation (after Industrial Revolution) - factories have moved abroad for cheaper wages+ relaxed laws
    ->post-industrial economy
  • also technological advancements mean secondary industry jobs are replaced by machinery/robots
  • growing tertiary industry due to greater demand for services (education/healthcare and leisure (tourism))
  • growing quaternary sector as UK can afford to invest in research
    -> described as knowledge economy
31
Q

describe the pros of a UK science park (case study)

A

Cambridge science park: high-tech quaternary industries
eg. pharmaceuticals, celltech
* easy access to M11 -> London airports (LHR, LGW, LTN)
* railway access - fast transport to London centre, <1hr to King’s Cross
* nearby housing estates for employees
* landscaping - attractive
* multiplier effect - thousands indirect jobs created
* many car parks

32
Q

describe why+where counter-urbanisation occurs

A

HICs - people migrate from urban to rural areas (past the greenbelt) for a better quality of life
richer so can afford it, less noise/air pollution, natural scenery

33
Q

describe what a greenbelt is

A
  • major citites surrounded by a greenbelt
  • protects land from urban sprawl - prohibits development
  • preserves greenfield sites, open land, nature
  • beyond the greenbelt is commuter settlements for people who want jobs in the city but want to live in rural areas for better quality of life
34
Q

describe the differences between the north-south divide UK (8)

A
  • EMPLOYMENT higher in N - larger population in south so higher competition
  • WEALTH higher in S - hosts more businesses/companies, tertiary/quaternary industry
  • LIFE EXPECTANCY higher in S - better healthcare, more hospitals than north
  • POPULATION GROWTH higher in S
  • HOUSE PRICES higher in S (double)
  • CONNECTIONS (road/rail/airport) higher in S - higher population so more investment
  • QUALITY OF LIFE higher in S
  • TERRAIN - upland in N, fertile/flat land in S
35
Q

describe unemployment across the UK

A
  • highest in NE England (9%) - area suffered from de-industrialisation - decline in secondary industry jobs
  • high in London (7%) - large population so high competition for jobs
  • lowest in SE England (4%) - connections to Europe provides access to wider range of jobs
36
Q

describe ways of narrowing the north-south divide UK (3)

A
  • assisted areas - providing money for new businesses
  • imrpove infrastructure - linking major cities to the north, eg. HS2 rail links London to Birmingham
  • giving more power to individual cities to make their own decisions on spendings
37
Q

describe the aim+ benefits of the construction of HS2 rail (5)

A
  • help bridge north-south divide - improves transport links to London+ the north (Birmingham)
  • faster journeys+ fewer delays - benefits commuters, people can access a wider range of jobs
  • boosts UK economy
  • good for the environment/sustainable - uses zero carbon energy, reduced traffic congestion
  • boosts national pride+ UK assets
38
Q

describe drawbacks of the construction of HS2 rail (3)

A
  • difficult to predict final cost+ future profit - could damage economy
  • demolitiom of homes+ damage to rural England to construct railway - loss of greenbelt+ greenfield land
  • there are better-value projects the UK could spend the money on eg. NHS
39
Q

describe the location+ significance of a UK MNC (case study)

A

Toyota factory: Multinational Company, Darby, the Midlands, England
* makes 200,000 cars a year
* Derbyshire council invested £20M

40
Q

describe benefits of a UK MNC (case study) (2)

A

Toyota factory
* 3000 jobs created, many previously unemployed
* secure jobs as it is a successful company - workers assured
* biggest car producers in the world

41
Q

describe environmental impacts of a UK MNC (case study) (6)

A

Toyota factory
* built on greenfield site - countryside destroyed
* increase in traffic+ noise pollution
* Japanese company - many profits taken abroad
environmental impacts of car industry:
* some components (plastic) difficult to recycle - adds to landfill
* energy consumed during manufacture - uses as much energy to make as it will consume in its lifetime
* air pollution - buring of fuel (petrol/diesel) releases pollutants

42
Q

describe ways UK MNCs try to be sustainable (case study) (2)

A

Toyota factory
* solar panels on roof of factory - renewable energy for production
* they manufacture electric/hybrid cars - more energy efficient, less air pollution

Geography (8 decks)

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