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Geography > P2A Urbanisation > Flashcards

P2A Urbanisation Flashcards

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1
Q

define urbanisation

A

the increasing proportion of people living in built-up/urban areas

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2
Q

why is rate of growth slower in HICs

A
  • cities are already overcrowded/urbanised
  • people move to rural areas for better quality of life
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3
Q

why is rate of growth quicker in LICs

A
  • mass rural-urban migration
  • population growth/ natural increase
  • less education on contraception/family planning
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4
Q

state push factors in rural areas

A
  • lack of jobs (mostly farming)
  • mechanisation of farming (loss of jobs)
  • poor housing
  • drought/famine/natural disaster/war
  • low wages/poverty
  • lack of healthcare/services
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5
Q

state pull factors in urban areas

A
  • job opportunities
  • friends/family
  • good housing+sanitation
  • better wages
  • affordable+accessible healthcare
  • improved+increased services
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6
Q

describe population distribution in UK

A
  • major cities+ SE UK are most densely populated (London, Manchester, Sheffield)
  • Scotland+Ireland+ NW UK more sparsely populated as they are rural/highland areas
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7
Q

describe the location+ significance of Mumbai (case study)

A
  • NEE and megacity, west India, on coast of the Arabian Sea, South Asia
  • India’s largest city, high population density (14 million people), India’s port+financial centre
  • growth caused by: rural-urban migration, industry+trading port, increased services, growing economy, natural increase, drought
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8
Q

describe opportunities in Mumbai (case study)

A
  • easier access to education/healthcare/jobs
  • more jobs providing income to afford homes/food/medicine for families
  • entertainment - Bollywood film industry
  • good sanitation - 85% of waste is recycled
  • manufacture - textiles/electronics/engineering
  • urban industrial areas stimulate economic growth
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9
Q

describe challenges in Mumbai (case study)

A
  • pollution from industries+shanty towns cause health problems
  • schools/public services under pressure
  • large areas of slum settlements in unsuitable living conditions
  • social inequality between rich+poor due to shortage of housing/schools/healthcare - crime/violence
  • poverty/unemployment - rise in informal jobs
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10
Q

describe the location+ significance of Manchester and causes of growth (case study)

A
  • HIC, NW England, west of the Pennines
  • regional hub, major international airport, history of textiles+manufacturing
  • causes of growth: cotton industry in Industrial Revolution led to rural-urban migration for factory jobs
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11
Q

describe opportunities in Manchester (case study)

A
  • international airport - provides 10,000 local jobs
  • culturally diverse - NorthernQuarter/Curry Mile/China Town
  • main stations (Piccadilly/Victoria), Metrolink
  • three large universities - house 70,000 students per year
  • retail sectors contribute to local jobs
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12
Q

describe challenges in Manchester (case study)

A
  • overcrowded - increased house prices+shortages
  • urban sprawl - lack of open space+greenfield sites
  • ugly derelict factories/houses/structures
  • air pollution - increased energy usage for transport/domestic
  • increased amount of rubbish - leads to litter+landfill
  • traffic congestion
  • increased demand for services
  • increase in crime
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13
Q

define urban sprawl

A

unplanned growth of urban areas into the surrounding countryside

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14
Q

describe how natural increase occurs in HICs

A

higher life expectancy due to better living conditions+healthcare - lowers infant mortality rate

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15
Q

describe how natural increase occurs in LICs

A

lack of contraception/education about family planning

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16
Q

define social deprivation

A

an individual/area is deprived of services/decent housing/adequate income/employment

17
Q

define greenfield and brownfield sites

A
  • green - land in a rural area/edge of an urban area that hasn’t yet been subject to development
  • brown - land that has been used and abandoned, found in urban areas in inner city
17
Q

describe methods for sustainable urban living (4)

A
  • urban greening - process of increasing+preserving open space in urban areas (parks/gardens)
  • urban regeneration - the revival of old parts in a built-up area by renewing to modern facilities or redeveloping/demolishing
  • home design - solar panels, motion-activated lights, triple-glazed windows, greywater collection, insulation
  • using public transport - reduces number of short car journeys so reduces pollution
18
Q

describe effects of traffic congestion (4)

A
  • air+noise pollution
  • delays for commuters+business deliveries
  • increase in accidents
  • health issues
19
Q

describe solutions for traffic congestion (6)

A
  • widened roads - traffic can flow more easily
  • ring roads/bypasses - keeps through traffic out of city centre, prioritises public transport
  • ‘park and ride’ schemes - reduce car usage, people park further away from busy areas+ use tram links to reach centre
  • congestion charges - discourages drivers from entering centre, encourages public transport use
  • pedestrianisation - reduces road traffic incidents, used in parks+retail areas, encourages walking, reduces car pollution
  • cycle lanes+ hire schemes - reduces accidents, parking/storage facilities, encourages cycling (eco-friendly)
20
Q

describe an example of a traffic congestion solution in an NEE (case study)

A

Curitiba, Brazil, Bus Rapid Transit Program
* high-capacity one-way route for cars+buses - reduces accidents+delays, makes buses priority so more efficient+reliable
* passengers pay at bus stops - reduces boarding time+ waiting between stops, quicker journeys so more efficient
* bus lanes - reduces congestion+delays, prioritises buses, bus lanes radiate out from city centre and provide links to main streets+districts outside centre
* triple-articulated buses - hold more passengers, run on biofuel which reduces pollution

21
Q

describe an example of a traffic congestion solution in a HIC (case study)

A

Manchester, integrated transport system
* smart motorways - enables variable speed limits and the hard shoulder to increase road capacity at rush hour - more efficient
* Metrolink - connects towns+suburbs to the centre, reduces amount of short car journeys
* HS2 Rail - links to major UK cities for business+commuters, reduces amount of cars on roads, electric powered so more sustainable

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