P2A Urbanisation Flashcards
define urbanisation
the increasing proportion/percentage of people living in built-up/urban areas or cities
why is rate of growth slower in HICs
- cities are already overcrowded/urbanised
- people move to rural areas for better quality of life
why is rate of growth quicker in LICs
- mass rural-urban migration
- population growth/ natural increase
- less education on contraception/family planning
why is managing environmental issues a challenge in LICs
- cannot afford to pay for necessary resources/ workers/ infrastructure
- rapid population growth - more resources needed to provide
state push factors in rural areas
- lack of jobs (mostly farming)
- mechanisation of farming (loss of jobs)
- poor housing
- drought/famine/natural disaster/war
- low wages/poverty
- lack of healthcare/services
state pull factors in urban areas
- job opportunities
- friends/family
- good housing+sanitation
- better wages
- affordable+accessible healthcare
- improved+increased services
describe population distribution in UK
- major cities+ SE UK are most densely populated (London, Manchester, Sheffield)
- Scotland+Ireland+ NW UK more sparsely populated as they are rural/highland areas
describe the location+ significance of Mumbai (case study)
- NEE and megacity, west India, on coast of the Arabian Sea, South Asia
- India’s largest city, high population density (14 million people), India’s port+financial centre
- growth caused by: rural-urban migration, industry+trading port, increased services, growing economy, natural increase, drought
describe opportunities in Mumbai (case study)
- easier access to education/healthcare/jobs
- more jobs providing income to afford homes/food/medicine for families
- entertainment - Bollywood film industry
- good sanitation - 85% of waste is recycled
- manufacture - textiles/electronics/engineering
- urban industrial areas stimulate economic growth
describe challenges in Mumbai (case study)
- pollution from industries+shanty towns cause health problems
- schools/public services under pressure
- large areas of slum settlements in unsuitable living conditions
- social inequality between rich+poor due to shortage of housing/schools/healthcare - crime/violence
- poverty/unemployment - rise in informal jobs
describe the location+ significance of Manchester and causes of growth (case study)
- HIC, NW England, west of the Pennines
- regional hub, major international airport, history of textiles+manufacturing
- causes of growth: cotton industry in Industrial Revolution led to rural-urban migration for factory jobs
describe opportunities in Manchester (case study)
- international airport - provides 10,000 local jobs
- culturally diverse - NorthernQuarter/Curry Mile/China Town
- main stations (Piccadilly/Victoria), Metrolink
- three large universities - house 70,000 students per year
- retail sectors contribute to local jobs
describe challenges in Manchester (case study)
- overcrowded - increased house prices+shortages
- urban sprawl - lack of open space+greenfield sites
- ugly derelict factories/houses/structures
- air pollution - increased energy usage for transport/domestic
- increased amount of rubbish - leads to litter+landfill
- traffic congestion
- increased demand for services
- increase in crime
define urban sprawl
unplanned growth of urban areas into the surrounding countryside
describe how natural increase occurs in HICs
higher life expectancy due to better living conditions+healthcare - lowers infant mortality rate
describe how natural increase occurs in LICs
lack of contraception/education about family planning
define social deprivation
an individual/area is deprived of services/decent housing/adequate income/employment
define greenfield and brownfield sites
- green - land in a rural area/edge of an urban area that hasn’t yet been subject to development
- brown - derelict land that has been used and abandoned, found in urban areas in inner city
describe methods for sustainable urban living (4)
- urban greening - process of increasing+preserving open space in urban areas (parks/gardens)
- urban regeneration - the revival of old parts in a built-up area by renewing to modern facilities or redeveloping/demolishing
- home design - solar panels, motion-activated lights, triple-glazed windows, greywater collection, insulation
- using public transport - reduces number of short car journeys so reduces pollution
describe effects of traffic congestion (4)
- air+noise pollution
- delays for commuters+business deliveries
- increase in accidents
- health issues
describe solutions for traffic congestion (6)
- widened roads - traffic can flow more easily
- ring roads/bypasses - keeps through traffic out of city centre, prioritises public transport
- ‘park and ride’ schemes - reduce car usage, people park further away from busy areas+ use tram links to reach centre
- congestion charges - discourages drivers from entering centre, encourages public transport use
- pedestrianisation - reduces road traffic incidents, used in parks+retail areas, encourages walking, reduces car pollution
- cycle lanes+ hire schemes - reduces accidents, parking/storage facilities, encourages cycling (eco-friendly)
describe an example of a traffic congestion solution in an NEE (case study)
Curitiba, Brazil, Bus Rapid Transit Program
* high-capacity one-way route for cars+buses - reduces accidents+delays, makes buses priority so more efficient+reliable
* passengers pay at bus stops - reduces boarding time+ waiting between stops, quicker journeys so more efficient
* bus lanes - reduces congestion+delays, prioritises buses, bus lanes radiate out from city centre and provide links to main streets+districts outside centre
* triple-articulated buses - hold more passengers, run on biofuel which reduces pollution
describe an example of a traffic congestion solution in a HIC (case study)
Manchester, integrated transport system
* smart motorways - enables variable speed limits and the hard shoulder to increase road capacity at rush hour - more efficient
* Metrolink - connects towns+suburbs to the centre, reduces amount of short car journeys
* HS2 Rail - links to major UK cities for business+commuters, reduces amount of cars on roads, electric powered so more sustainable
CURITIBA WASTE DISPOSAL SCHEME
state problems caused by dereliction in cities (3)
- wasteland/factories are ugly - people/businesses won’t want to locate there
- derelict buildings attract pests which bring diseases - threatens human health
- empty buildings used for crime - frightens people so move away
