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GCSE > P2 Phy > Flashcards

P2 Phy Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the atomic number?

A

The number of protons in an atom

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2
Q

What is the mass number?

A

The total number of particles in the nucleus

Protons + neutrons

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3
Q

What are isotopes?

A

When atoms have the same number of protons but has different numbers of neutrons

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4
Q

What are ions?

A

A molecule that has either lost (positive) or gained (negative) electrons

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5
Q

What kind of nucleus do radioactive elements have?

A

An unstable nucleus

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6
Q

What is radioactive decay?

A

Unstable nucleus release and emit radiation and form a different nucleus

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7
Q

What is background radiation?

A

Low level of radiation around us

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8
Q

What are man made sources of radiation?

A

Atomic bomb tests

Nuclear power plants

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9
Q

Nuclear equation of Alpha radiation?

A

4 less protons (top)

2 less mass number (bottom)

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10
Q

Nuclear equation of Beta Decay?

A

0 less protons (Top)

1 less mass number (bottom)

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11
Q

What is the charge of alpha radiation?

A

2+

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12
Q

What is the charge of beta radiation?

A

-1

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13
Q

What is the charge if gamma radiation?

A

No charge

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14
Q

What are the distances between alpha, beta and gamma radiation?

A

Alpha particles can travel a few centimeters
Beta can travel through a few meters
Gamma can travel a long way

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15
Q

What does ionizing radiation mean?

A

Radiation ionize atoms to form charged ions

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16
Q

What is the danger of ionization?

A

They damage or kill cells

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17
Q

Why is alpha radiation more dangerous than gamma or beta radiation?

A

Alpha radiation has a short range so it will ionize everything close
Beta and gamma radiation have a long range so it will travel far before it could ionize cells

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18
Q

Give one positive use of alpha particles and explain how

A

Alpha particles can be used in smoke detectors. It neutralizes charged particles in smoke and the number of charged particles In the air will reduce. The detector will detect the change and the alarm will go off

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19
Q

What are the uses of beta radiation?

A

Beta particles can damage cancer cells without causing too much damage to healthy cells
It can use to measure thickness of paper in factories

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20
Q

What are the uses of gamma radiation?

A

They are used as medical traders

Detect cracks in pipes

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21
Q

What are the 3 types of particles do atoms contain?

A

Protons
Neutrons
Electrons

22
Q

What is nuclear fission?

A

Fission is the splitting of nucleus in an atom

23
Q

What is the chain reaction of nuclear fission?

A

As nuclei is split, this will continue

24
Q

What does a moderator do in nuclear reactors?

What does it contain?

A

It slows down the neutrons give out by nuclear substances such as uranium 235
It contains graphite or water

25
Q

What does the control rods do?

A

They control the speed of the reaction

26
Q

What is nuclear fusion?

A

The combination of nuclei to form a larger nucleus and release energy

27
Q

What are the common fuel for nuclear fusion?

A

Deuterium and tritium

28
Q

Life cycle of a sun-like star

A

Huge clouds of gas and dust (nebulae)
Pulled by gravitational forces
It begins to compress and warms up
This forms a spinning disc of hot gas (protostar)
Fusion begins, a true star is formed
It blows if other layers of gas and dust
The star is halfway through, so it will start the main sequence and last another 5 billions years
Once hydrogen fuel is used, the star will swell up and become bigger (red giant) that lasts tens of thousands of years
Core collapses, a white dwarf will be formed

29
Q

What is the supernova?

A

When the core of a star collapses even more and explodes, releasing a lot of energy

30
Q

What is a neutron star?

A

A ball of matter formed when the core collapsed

31
Q

What is the black hole?

A

Small ball of very dense matter

32
Q

How are heavier elements were formed?

A

Hydrogen was formed a few billion years after the Big Bang
A few stars were formed a million years later
This formed heavier elements, that exploded, scattering pieces across space
Newer stars are formed containing heavier elements from older exploded stars

33
Q

How to protect ourselves from radiation?

A

Keep distances between ourselves and radioactive source

34
Q

What are half lives?

A

Average time it takes for something to decline by half

35
Q

Law of force

A

The action force is matched by the reaction force

36
Q

What is acceleration?

A

The measure of how quickly something gets faster

37
Q

What is momentum?

A

Mass of an object multiplied by its velocity

38
Q

What is the law conservation of momentum?

A

If 2 objects collide, the total momentum is the same before and after the collision

39
Q

What is the use of KERS?

A

It’s a way of making a vehicles braking system more energy efficient

40
Q

What is static electricity?

A

A charge in an object caused by the addition or removal of electrons

41
Q

What is oh mic law?

A

When a graph goes a straight line

Voltage is proportional to current

42
Q

What is non oh mic?

A

When a graph is not straight and has no correlation

43
Q

What is parallel circuit?

A

Circuit is separated

44
Q

What is series circuit?

A

Circuit is joined without getting split or with branches

45
Q

What is the difference between a thermistor and LDR?

A

Thermistor is temperature dependent resistor

LDR is light dependent resistor

46
Q

What are resistors used for?

A

Control flow of current in an electrical circuit

47
Q

A component that is non oh mic?

A

A filament bulb

48
Q

What is meant by direct current?

A

Current flows in one direction only from positive to negative

49
Q

What is a fuse?

A

A fuse is a safety devices that protect against these faults

50
Q

What does a fuse do?

A

A wire is in a fuse that melts if a current in a circuit gets too hot resulting in overheating. It will melt if this happens so

51
Q

What does an earth wire do?

A

It will cause the fuse to blow so that the current stops flowing and it makes it safe

52
Q

What does a circuit breakers do?

A

It disconnects electricity if there is a difference in the current flow

GCSE (18 decks)

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