B2 Biology 90% of textbook Flashcards
Palisade mesophyll cells
Found in leaves
Packed with chloroplasts (photosynthesis)
Root hair cells
Extensions goes into soil and absorbs water and mineral ions
Xylem vessels
Made up of dead, empty cells
Arranged in long tubes of the cell wall
Transports water from the roots and up to the stem leaves
What does unicellular organisms mean?
Organisms that can live on its own and carry out all the seven characteristics of living organisms
Definition of diffusion
The movement of particles through the particles of air from a high to a low concentration
Definition of concentration gradient
Difference in concentration of a substance between two areas
Net movement of particles?
From a higher concentration to a lower concentration
Definition of organs
Groups of tissues joined together to make a complicated structure
Epithelial tissue function
Make up linings inside the body
Glandular tissue function
Produce and releases enzymes and hormones
Difference between differentiate and specialized cells
Differentiate cells are specialized to carry out a specific job
Specialized cells are cells that has special features for a function
Bacteria/Yeast cells are prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
Bacteria cells are prokaryotic
Yeast cells are euros eukaryotic
What is starch?
A potato (glucose joined together)
Definition of limiting factor
A factor that reduces the rate of photosynthesis
Examples of limiting factors
Temperature
Light intensity
Concentration of carbon dioxide
How starch is made
Through respiration
Why is starch useful for storage?
It is insoluble
Doesn’t easily react with other chemicals
Uses of glucose
Glucose is used for respiration
Build cells with nitrates
Make lipids
Make cellulose for cell wall
How to enhance rate of photosynthesis
Grow plants in greenhouses or polytunnels where the environment around the plant including the solid can be controlled
Enhance carbon dioxide and light
Control temperature
Proteins are made up of?
Amino acids
What is the name when amino acids are joined in a long chain?
Polypeptide
Substance that locks into the active site of an enzyme
Substrate
What changes shape of enzymes?
High temperatures
pH values
What does amylase catalyse?
Amylase enzymes catalyse the breakdown of starch to sugars
What does protease catalyse?
Protease enzymes catalyse the breakdown of protein into amino acids
What does lipase catalyse?
Lipase enzymes catalyse the breakdown of lipids (fats and oils) into fatty acids and glycerol
Function of bile?
It neutralizes acid that was added to food in the stomach for enzymes to easily break it down
Aerobic respiration
Release of energy that requires oxygen
Anaerobic respiration
Releasing energy that doesn’t require oxygen
Respiration equation
Glucose+oxygen=carbon dioxide+water
Which cell does respiration?
Mitochondria
Anaerobic respiration waste product?
Glucose - Lactic acid
What is oxygen debt?
Extra oxygen our bodies need after exercise
What is mitosis, where and what is uses?
Process of cell division that produces 2 genetically identical parent cell
Happens on skin
Uses asexual reproduction
What is meoisis, where and what it uses?
A form of cell division to produce sex cells (gametes)
It produces 4 cells with half the normal number of chromosomes
Happens in testes or ovaries
Uses sexual reproduction
What are stem cells?
Cells that can differentiate into a range of other cells
What is an embryonic stem cell?
A stem cell extracted from an embryo that can differentiate into any kind of body cell
What are the uses of stem cells?
Bone marrow cells are used to treat leukemia
Treat paralysis caused by damage to spinal cord
What are the ethical problems of using stem cells?
Some say that using embryos is destroying a new life
What is an adult stem cell?
A stem cell extracted from differentiated tissue, which can only differentiate only to a limited range of specialized cells
What are chromosomes?
What does it consists of?
Immensely long molecules of DNA found in the nucleus of every cell in our body
It consists of a string of genes
What is DNA?
A long coiled molecule that carries the genetic code
What is a gene?
Small section of DNA in a chromosome that carries instructions
Why does variation happen?
Each gene occurs in different forms (alleles)
What is DNA profiling?
A process of DNA screening to identify individuals
Function of 8 cells
Cytoplasm - many chemical reactions happen there
Chloroplast - photosynthesis
Cell wall - keeps cell firm/strengthens it
Mitochondria - respiration
Nucleus - control cells activities
Cell membrane - controls what goes in and out of the cell
Vacuole - contains water and other dissolved substances
Ribosome - join amino acids to make protein j
Animal cells
Cbrane Cplasm Nucleus Mito Ribo
Plant and algal cells
All
Yeast cell
All except chloroplasts
Bacterial cells
Cbrane
Cplasm
Cwall
Ribo
Which organ makes lipase?
Pancreas
Which organ produces protease?
Pancreas
What does the large intestines do in our body?
It absorbs water
What does the liver do in our body?
Produces bile
What does the small intestines do in our body?
It digests the food
What is an allele?
An alternative form of a gene
What are fossils?
Remains or traces left of organisms that once lived
Different forms of fossils?
Mineral replacement
Mummification
Mounds and casts
Trace fossils
What’s an enzyme?
A biological catalyst
