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GCSE > B2 Biology 90% of textbook > Flashcards

B2 Biology 90% of textbook Flashcards

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1
Q

Palisade mesophyll cells

A

Found in leaves

Packed with chloroplasts (photosynthesis)

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2
Q

Root hair cells

A

Extensions goes into soil and absorbs water and mineral ions

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3
Q

Xylem vessels

A

Made up of dead, empty cells
Arranged in long tubes of the cell wall
Transports water from the roots and up to the stem leaves

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4
Q

What does unicellular organisms mean?

A

Organisms that can live on its own and carry out all the seven characteristics of living organisms

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5
Q

Definition of diffusion

A

The movement of particles through the particles of air from a high to a low concentration

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6
Q

Definition of concentration gradient

A

Difference in concentration of a substance between two areas

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7
Q

Net movement of particles?

A

From a higher concentration to a lower concentration

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8
Q

Definition of organs

A

Groups of tissues joined together to make a complicated structure

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9
Q

Epithelial tissue function

A

Make up linings inside the body

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10
Q

Glandular tissue function

A

Produce and releases enzymes and hormones

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11
Q

Difference between differentiate and specialized cells

A

Differentiate cells are specialized to carry out a specific job
Specialized cells are cells that has special features for a function

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12
Q

Bacteria/Yeast cells are prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

A

Bacteria cells are prokaryotic

Yeast cells are euros eukaryotic

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13
Q

What is starch?

A

A potato (glucose joined together)

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14
Q

Definition of limiting factor

A

A factor that reduces the rate of photosynthesis

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15
Q

Examples of limiting factors

A

Temperature
Light intensity
Concentration of carbon dioxide

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16
Q

How starch is made

A

Through respiration

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17
Q

Why is starch useful for storage?

A

It is insoluble

Doesn’t easily react with other chemicals

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18
Q

Uses of glucose

A

Glucose is used for respiration
Build cells with nitrates
Make lipids
Make cellulose for cell wall

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19
Q

How to enhance rate of photosynthesis

A

Grow plants in greenhouses or polytunnels where the environment around the plant including the solid can be controlled

Enhance carbon dioxide and light
Control temperature

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20
Q

Proteins are made up of?

A

Amino acids

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21
Q

What is the name when amino acids are joined in a long chain?

A

Polypeptide

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22
Q

Substance that locks into the active site of an enzyme

A

Substrate

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23
Q

What changes shape of enzymes?

A

High temperatures

pH values

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24
Q

What does amylase catalyse?

A

Amylase enzymes catalyse the breakdown of starch to sugars

25
Q

What does protease catalyse?

A

Protease enzymes catalyse the breakdown of protein into amino acids

26
Q

What does lipase catalyse?

A

Lipase enzymes catalyse the breakdown of lipids (fats and oils) into fatty acids and glycerol

27
Q

Function of bile?

A

It neutralizes acid that was added to food in the stomach for enzymes to easily break it down

28
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

Release of energy that requires oxygen

29
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

Releasing energy that doesn’t require oxygen

30
Q

Respiration equation

A

Glucose+oxygen=carbon dioxide+water

31
Q

Which cell does respiration?

A

Mitochondria

32
Q

Anaerobic respiration waste product?

A

Glucose - Lactic acid

33
Q

What is oxygen debt?

A

Extra oxygen our bodies need after exercise

34
Q

What is mitosis, where and what is uses?

A

Process of cell division that produces 2 genetically identical parent cell
Happens on skin
Uses asexual reproduction

35
Q

What is meoisis, where and what it uses?

A

A form of cell division to produce sex cells (gametes)
It produces 4 cells with half the normal number of chromosomes
Happens in testes or ovaries
Uses sexual reproduction

36
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Cells that can differentiate into a range of other cells

37
Q

What is an embryonic stem cell?

A

A stem cell extracted from an embryo that can differentiate into any kind of body cell

38
Q

What are the uses of stem cells?

A

Bone marrow cells are used to treat leukemia

Treat paralysis caused by damage to spinal cord

39
Q

What are the ethical problems of using stem cells?

A

Some say that using embryos is destroying a new life

40
Q

What is an adult stem cell?

A

A stem cell extracted from differentiated tissue, which can only differentiate only to a limited range of specialized cells

41
Q

What are chromosomes?

What does it consists of?

A

Immensely long molecules of DNA found in the nucleus of every cell in our body
It consists of a string of genes

42
Q

What is DNA?

A

A long coiled molecule that carries the genetic code

43
Q

What is a gene?

A

Small section of DNA in a chromosome that carries instructions

44
Q

Why does variation happen?

A

Each gene occurs in different forms (alleles)

45
Q

What is DNA profiling?

A

A process of DNA screening to identify individuals

46
Q

Function of 8 cells

A

Cytoplasm - many chemical reactions happen there
Chloroplast - photosynthesis
Cell wall - keeps cell firm/strengthens it
Mitochondria - respiration
Nucleus - control cells activities
Cell membrane - controls what goes in and out of the cell
Vacuole - contains water and other dissolved substances
Ribosome - join amino acids to make protein j

47
Q

Animal cells

A 
Cbrane 
Cplasm
Nucleus 
Mito 
Ribo
48
Q

Plant and algal cells

A

All

49
Q

Yeast cell

A

All except chloroplasts

50
Q

Bacterial cells

A

Cbrane
Cplasm
Cwall
Ribo

51
Q

Which organ makes lipase?

A

Pancreas

52
Q

Which organ produces protease?

A

Pancreas

53
Q

What does the large intestines do in our body?

A

It absorbs water

54
Q

What does the liver do in our body?

A

Produces bile

55
Q

What does the small intestines do in our body?

A

It digests the food

56
Q

What is an allele?

A

An alternative form of a gene

57
Q

What are fossils?

A

Remains or traces left of organisms that once lived

58
Q

Different forms of fossils?

A

Mineral replacement
Mummification
Mounds and casts
Trace fossils

59
Q

What’s an enzyme?

A

A biological catalyst

GCSE (18 decks)

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