C1 Chemistyr Flashcards
Compounds
Substances made up of 2 or more atoms chemically joined together
Elements
A substance made up of only one type of atom
Atom structure
Central nucleus made of protons and neutrons.
Outside nucleus are electrons
Ionic bonds
Metal and non metal
Non metal lose electrons to be positive
Metal gains electron to be negative charged ions
Covalent bonds
Happens when atoms share a pair of electrons
Non metals
Thermal decomposition
Breaking down of substance by using heat
Continental drift
The gradual movement of continents across the earths surface through time
Gases in the atmosphere
78% Nitrogen,
21 Oxygen,
Others are noble gases such as argon or C02
Saturated and unsaturated fats
Unsaturated have double bonds in carbon atoms, liquid at room temperature
Saturated have single bonds between their carbon atoms, solid at room temperature
Emulsion
Liquid mixture of water and oil
Hydrophilic and hydrophobic
Water loving and water hater
Bromine water with sat and undersaturated fats
Unsaturated becomes colorless
Saturated becomes orange brain
Hydrogenation
Solidifying unsaturated fats using hydrogen to make butter
Cracking
Breaking down hydrocarbons into simpler ones
Alkene
Double covalent bonds
Colorless bromine water
C2H4
Alkane
Single carbon bonds
Brown or orangey bromine water
CnH2n+2
Polymers
Large molecules made up of joined monomers
Polymerization
Bracket whole formula with single bond and put an ‘n’ at the right outside of the bracket. Leave everything else like it was
Pros and cons of polymers
Pro- They are very useful and unreactive
Cons-Hard to dispose off
Recycling polymers
Even tho recycling is useful, it’s hard and expensive because you have to separate the different types of plastics
Use sugar instead of Ethane to produce ethanol
Use sugar because its renewable by fermentation using fungi
Ethanol formula
C2H5OH
How calcium hydroxide is obtained from calcium carbonate?
Thermal decomposition
Strongly heat up calcium carbonate and it will produce calcium oxide and carbon dioxide. Calcium oxide will then react with water to produce calcium hydroxide.
Calcium hydroxide
An alkali that neutralists excess acidity
Cement
Heat powdered limestone with clay.
Mortar
Used to bind bricks together, mix cement, sand and water
Concrete
Mix cement, sand, water and aggregate
Pros and cons of using Limestone, mortar and concrete as building materials
react with carbon dioxide dissolved in rain water and will wear away. This damages them. Pollution from burning fossil fuels makes the rain more acidic than it should be, and this acid rain makes these problems worse.
Concrete is useful because it could be easily shaped into shapes before it hardens and it is strong when it is squashed.
Metals
Are produced when metal oxides are reduced. The reduction depends on their reactivity.
Different metals and extraction methods
Potassium - electrolysis
Zinc - Carbon monoxide
Gold - Other methods
Characteristics of Transition metals
Good heat and electrical conductors
Hammered and shaped easily
Titanium and iron
Phytomining
Burning vegetables and use the ash that contains the metals compounds
Bioleaching
Using bacterial leachates that contain copper compounds
Extracting titanium and aluminum is expensive because
The process takes a lot of stages
Large amount of energy are needed
Fractional distillation
Separation of liquid mixtures into different temperature columns
Complete combustion
Carbon will be oxidized into carbon dioxide
Incomplete combustion
Water will still be produced but carbon monoxide will be produced and it is a toxic gas
