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Politics > P2 - Nationalism > Flashcards

P2 - Nationalism Flashcards

1
Q

what is a nation

A

a community of people who consider themselves to be connected together

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2
Q

what is self-determination

A

the desire to make decisions for oneself

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3
Q

who is self-determination associated with

A

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

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4
Q

what is a nation-state

A

when a nation rules itself within a geographical area that it controls

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5
Q

what is a state

A

a geographical area/legal entity that is organised and has a government

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6
Q

what was an important watershed moment for nationalism

A

the french revolution

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7
Q

what is the contemporary example of nationalism in Germany

A

the Alternative for Germany political party

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8
Q

what are the beliefs of the Alternative for Germany political party

A

they are “fighting the invasion of foreigners”

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9
Q

Who is the nationalist figure in France

A

Marine Le Pen, of the Front National

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10
Q

who is the nationalist president of Hungary

A

Viktor Orban

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11
Q

What are the four main types of nationalism

A

liberal, conservative, anti/post-colonial, expansionist

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12
Q

What do liberal nationalists believe about the nation-state

A

the liberty of the individual can be transferred to the nation-state

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13
Q

What is a key principle of liberal nationalism

A

self-determination

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14
Q

What do liberal nationalists believe that a nation should be run on

A

democratic principles (Woodrow Wilson 14 points after WW1)

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15
Q

Which thinkers are related to liberal nationalism

A

Rousseau and Mazzini

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16
Q

How do liberals think that nations act

A

in a rational way and will respect the rights of other nation-states

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17
Q

what is liberal internationalism

A

all nations should respect the sovereignty of other nations

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18
Q

what are liberal nationalists overall

A

optimistic, tolerant and progressive

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19
Q

What does conservative nationalism tend to be

A

regressive and emotional

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20
Q

what was Herder’s idea

A

volksgeist - the spirit of the nation

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21
Q

what is the ‘organic society’

A

the gradual evolution rather than revolutionary, sudden change of a society

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22
Q

what do conservative nationalists oppose and why

A

immigration due to fears that I could damage social cohesion

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23
Q

what is postcolonial nationalism based off of

A

resistance to colonialism

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24
Q

Who is an example of a postcolonial nationalist

A

Gandhi in India, who argued that the Indian people were part of a national and had their own collective identity

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25
Q

How can postcolonial nationalism be linked to cultural nationalism

A

ideas like Black pride of Marcus Garvey and the black nation of Islam by Malcolm X are based on cultures

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26
Q

who came up with the idea of black nationalism

A

Marcus Garvey

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27
Q

what is black nationalism

A

the idea that African Americans should return to Africa because they would never achieve equality in the USA.

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28
Q

how can expansionary nationalism also be described

A

chauvinistic (national superiority) nationalism

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29
Q

what is expansionary nationalism linked to

A

racialism or xenophobia

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30
Q

what is the classic example of expansionary nationalism

A

nazi Germany

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31
Q

What do expansionist nationalists not believe all nations are entitled to

A

self-determination

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32
Q

what is expansionary nationalism linked with

A

integral nationalism

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33
Q

who is the key expansionary thinker

A

Charles Maurras

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34
Q

What are the two distinctions between nationalists linked to the idea of reason

A

rational and irrational (romantic)

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35
Q

What is a rational nationalist approach

A

the belief that the nation was the most rational way to organise sovereign political communities

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36
Q

what is the irrational nationalist approach

A

it stresses the importance of culture and language. It is based on the idea that people have an emotional attachment to the nation

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37
Q

what are the two distinctions between the openness of the nation

A

inclusive and exclusive

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38
Q

what do inclusive nationalists believe

A

national identity is flexible, newcomers can join a nation quickly and easily regardless of past experiences. They can be described as multiculturalists

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39
Q

what do exclusive nationalists believe

A

They believe that membership of a nation should be based on long-term shared history, culture or language

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40
Q

what are the two distinctions between how modern nationalist beliefs can be

A

progressive and regressive

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41
Q

what do progressive nationalists believe

A

they aim to improve society and believe that nationalism can help to achieve that aim. It is associated with an outward-looking view and a willingness to work with other nation-states

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42
Q

what do regressive nationalists believe

A

they are conservative and reactionary, looking nostalgically to a bygone era. They might refer to a ‘golden age’ in their nation’s history.

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43
Q

what are the two main political distinctions between nationalist beliefs

A

Liberal and Conservative

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44
Q

What is liberal nationalism based off of

A

the freedom of the nation. The belief was that by freeing a nation, the individuals within that nation would also be free. These individuals are usually progressive

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45
Q

what is the conservative nationalist belief

A

they aim for an independent nation based on shared cultures, language, ethnicity etc… They are regressive

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46
Q

what is the priority for conservative nationalists

A

unity of the nation

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47
Q

What is the view of expansionist nationalist

A

They want to dominate their region economically or culturally. It can be because of chauvinistic and militaristic tendencies. It is linked to colonialism

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48
Q

what was the clause of France’s post-revolutionary constitution that came from JJR’s idea

A

“the source of all sovereignty is essentially the nation; nobody, no individual can exercise authority that does not proceed from it”

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49
Q

what modern bodies do liberal nationalists support

A

supranational bodies like the EU

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50
Q

What are the conservative nationalist symbols of the state

A

cultural unity and patriotism

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51
Q

when was post-colonial nationalism recognised and by who

A

Harold Macmillan in the 1960s

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52
Q

what did Harold Macmillan say about post-colonial nationalism

A

“The wind of change is blowing through this continent. Whether we like it or not, this growth of national consciousness is a political fact”

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53
Q

what is the post-colonial view of the state

A

they see the nation-state as the only legitimate form of government, wanting freedom from imperial dominating and the opportunity for nations to shape their own destinies. Governance should be returned to the indigenous population

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54
Q

what is the expansionist view of the state

A

they see the state as a mechanism for dominating others. They believe that weaker nations should accept their inferior position as colonies of more powerful nations. This can also be seen as integral nationalism.

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55
Q

what is the liberal view of the state

A

nations should be able to rule themselves in their own state. Rousseau was critical of absolute monarchies that existed in many parts of Europe and argued in favour of self-determination. Mazzini also argued in favour of self-determination, claiming that a nation can only be free when it expresses itself through its own state.

56
Q

What is the conservative view of the state

A

only some superior nations can benefit from nation-statehood. They see the state as a way to unite the nation; they use the state and its institutions as a source of unity and a way to encourage patriotism

57
Q

what is the nationalist view of human nature

A

a common view among all nationalists is that humans naturally wish to be united around common ideas and values.

58
Q

how do conservative and liberal nationalists agree

A

Liberal nationalists see humans are rational individuals who will make choices out of free will. Conservative nationalists see humans as drawn to the familiar; nationalism unites people with common traits.

59
Q

why is the concept of nation and national identity important

A

nations can be formed based on shared language, religion, culture, geography, ethnicity etc. Herder stressed the importance of language and believed that the world was naturally divided into separate nations.

60
Q

what is the common nationalist view of society

A

it is defined in terms of ethnic or cultural traits. They also believe that society is held together by widely-held ideas and beliefs.

61
Q

what is the consensus nationalist view of human nature

A

all nationalists believe that human beings naturally want to be united around a common set of ideas and values.

62
Q

what is the conservative view of human nature

A

conservative nationalists have a more irrational view of human nature, they see humans as drawn to the familiar.

63
Q

what is the inclusive view of human nature

A

it is open and tolerant. They believe that anyone can join a nation as long as they share the nation’s core values. Inclusive, liberal nationalists will probably be more multicultural in their outlook, happy to encourage different cultures.

64
Q

what is the exclusive view of human nature

A

they are more suspicious. They believe that it takes time to become part of a nation and ideally you will have a shared history and will have immersed yourself in the nation’s culture. They favour mono-culturalism

65
Q

what do civic nationalists think of human nature?

A

they believe that members of a nation must simply support the values of society and aim for a nation where all citizens can participate equally

66
Q

what do cultural nationalists think of human nature?

A

being part of a nation is an emotional link; they want members of a nation to share values such as language, culture and tradition (volksgeist is relevant here). There is a greater emphasis on patriotism.

67
Q

what is the consensus nationalist view of society

A

society is held together by widely-held ideas and principles and that society is defined in terms of key traits.

68
Q

How does liberal nationalism view society

A

it sees society as advancing and improving. It supports the practising of different cultures in society - there is a strong belief in diversity and pluralism

69
Q

how do conservative nationalists view society

A

backwards-looking view, seeking to maintain past traditions e.g MAGA and Donald Trump. It is more likely to be monocultural, with the view being that to maintain a strong, cohesive society and the uniqueness of the nation, new cultures and traditions should not be introduced.

70
Q

what would conservative nationalists argue about immigration

A

immigrants should abandon the culture of their home nation

71
Q

what is the civic view of society

A

a healthy society required people’s active participation (an idea linked to Rousseau). Shared histories and experiences are not important. It emphasises people’s pride in their political institutions. This is a rational idea

72
Q

what is the cultural view of society

A

it is based on people sharing cultural values in society. they define the nation and society according to ethnicity and believe the nation must share common cultures, religions and languages. Herder’s theory of volksgeist is relevant here. It is a more emotional, irrational vision of society

73
Q

what do exclusive nationalists favour and what can this lead to

A

mono-culturalism, which can lead to hostility towards immigration. This is like UKIP and the Front National

74
Q

what is the liberal nationalist view of the economy

A

a nation-state has control over its own economy and can seek to either be self-sufficient or work and trade with other nations. They assume that independent nation states will want to co-operate economically, leading to a peaceful and prosperous world of mutually dependent nation-states where disputes are resolved rationally.

75
Q

what is the conservative nationalist view of the economy

A

the belief that these original groups should have economic priority (benefits, housing, etc.) - a form of exclusive nationalism. It is associated with the economic principle of protectionism.

76
Q

what is the post-colonial nationalist view of the economy

A

Ideas of economic empowerment. Many of these nationalists have been socialist, with the aim of promoting economic progress and independence from the ex-colonial ruler.

77
Q

what is an example of post-colonial economic policy

A

Cuba under Fidel Castro, the desire to be free from the influence of the USA led to the rejection of capitalism and free-market principles.

78
Q

who is the right-wing french conservative nationalist

A

Charles Maurras

79
Q

What did Maurras believe

A

France had lost its ‘greatness’ after abandoning the monarchy. He argued that France should be more patriotic and restore the traditional values

80
Q

What was wrong with Maurras

A

he was quite xenophobic and blamed the Jewish people for the decline in French fortunes.

81
Q

How can Maurras’ philosophy be described as

A

ultra-conservative

82
Q

How did Maurras describe his brand of nationalism

A

integral nationalism

83
Q

what was integral nationalism

A

the idea that individuals should submerge themselves into their nation

84
Q

what can Maurras’ form of nationalism be linked to

A

militarism

85
Q

What did Maurras reject

A

individualism, he believed that the interests of the nation should always be more important than narrow self-interest

86
Q

who is the post-colonial thinker

A

Marcus Garvey

87
Q

what did Garvey argue

A

that black people in the USA and the Caribbean should look upon Africa as their homeland.

88
Q

what are Garvey’s beliefs based off

A

the idea that African people are on race, scattered around the world by slavery and divided within Africa by colonial rule. He wanted to end colonial rule

89
Q

What can Garvey’s beliefs be linked to

A

black nationalism

90
Q

what did the development of black consciousness and pride require

A

black people to look beyond white culture and rediscover their cultural roots in Africa

91
Q

what is pan-Africanism

A

African people, in all parts of the world, are one people

92
Q

Who is associated with the ideas of liberal nationalism

A

Giuseppe Mazzini

93
Q

What did Mazzini see as a duty

A

patriotism

94
Q

What did he found in 1831

A

young Italy

95
Q

what was young Italy

A

a revolutionary, nationalist movement

96
Q

how can Mazzini be described as

A

a romantic nationalist

97
Q

what was Mazzini’s motto

A

god and people

98
Q

what did he believe people could do if they were freed from the tyranny

A

they could develop their own cultures and enjoy true freedom

99
Q

What was Mazzini the founder of

A

guerrilla warfare

100
Q

Who is the German associated with cultural nationalism

A

Johann Gottfried Von Herder

101
Q

What did Von Herder argue

A

every nation is different, with its own unique cultural character

102
Q

what are his ideas of nationalism based off of

A

culture and language

103
Q

What did he argue each nation possesses

A

volksgeist (national spirit)

104
Q

Where are Herder’s ideas valuable today

A

the protection of a welsh language and the Catalan movement

105
Q

What does Herder fit naturally into

A

Conservative nationalism

106
Q

What was he a strong opponent of

A

any form of tyranny

107
Q

Who wrote the social contract (1762)

A

jean Jacques rousseau

108
Q

what did JJR believe democracy should be based on

A

general will

109
Q

what did JJR want to defend

A

the principle of popular sovereignty and self-determination

110
Q

What did JJR develop

A

the romaic idea of the nation

111
Q

What did JJR also write about

A

civic nationalism, the idea that the state is legitimate because it is based on the active participation of its citizens

112
Q

Who is an example of a chauvinistic, expansionist nationalist

A

Adolf Hitler

113
Q

who is a post-colonial socialist nationalist

A

Fidel Castro

114
Q

Who is an example of a conservative nationalist

A

Winston Churchill

115
Q

who is a liberal progressive nationalist

A

Nicola Sturgeon

116
Q

what is the most basic idea of nationalism

A

the idea that the nation should be the central principle of political organisation

117
Q

what is a simple description of a nation

A

a cultural entity, that is a group of people that share a language, traditions and usually occupy the same geographical area

118
Q

What do all nationalists agree upon when it comes to what a nation is

A

a group of people bound together by shared values, histories and traditions

119
Q

what do they agree about a language

A

a common language is important to the definition of a nation

120
Q

What do nationalists believe about members of the nation

A

they will be patriotic and loyal. Patriotism is particularly associated with conservative and cultural nationalism but JJR (liberal, civic) wrote about the idea of the nation as a concept to which people could owe allegiance.

121
Q

what do liberal nationalists believe about the nation

A

it is strongly linked to self-determination, seeing the nation as a political unit. This is rational

122
Q

what do conservative nationalists believe about the nation

A

they don’t believe that the principle of self-determination is necessarily the best for all nations. They are likely to put an emphasis on cultural rather than civic factors.

123
Q

what do exclusive nationalists believe about the nation

A

they emphasise the importance of ethnic unity and shared history. They are hostile towards multi-culturalism.

124
Q

how do expansionist nationalists view the nation

A

in terms of ethnic or even racial terms

125
Q

What do inclusive nationalists believe about the nation

A

they emphasise the importance of civic consciousness and accepts that nations can be multi-racial, multi-ethnic.

126
Q

which thinkers are post-colonial

A

Garvey and Mazzini

127
Q

which thinkers are chauvinistic

A

Maurras

128
Q

which thinkers are civic

A

Mazzini and Rousseau

129
Q

Which thinkers are conservative

A

Herder and Maurras

130
Q

which thinkers are exclusive

A

Garvey, Herder and Maurras

131
Q

Which thinkers are integral

A

Maurras and Mazzini

132
Q

which thinkers are liberal

A

Garvey, Mazzini and Rousseau

133
Q

which thinkers are militaristic

A

Maurras and Mazzini

134
Q

Which thinkers are progressive

A

Garvey, Herder, Mazzini and Rousseau

135
Q

which thinkers are rational

A

Garvey, Herder and Rousseau

136
Q

which thinkers are regressive

A

Maurras

137
Q

which thinkers are romantic

A

Herder, Maurras, Mazzini and Rousseau

Politics (56 decks)

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