P2 - Nationalism Flashcards
what is a nation
a community of people who consider themselves to be connected together
what is self-determination
the desire to make decisions for oneself
who is self-determination associated with
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
what is a nation-state
when a nation rules itself within a geographical area that it controls
what is a state
a geographical area/legal entity that is organised and has a government
what was an important watershed moment for nationalism
the french revolution
what is the contemporary example of nationalism in Germany
the Alternative for Germany political party
what are the beliefs of the Alternative for Germany political party
they are “fighting the invasion of foreigners”
Who is the nationalist figure in France
Marine Le Pen, of the Front National
who is the nationalist president of Hungary
Viktor Orban
What are the four main types of nationalism
liberal, conservative, anti/post-colonial, expansionist
What do liberal nationalists believe about the nation-state
the liberty of the individual can be transferred to the nation-state
What is a key principle of liberal nationalism
self-determination
What do liberal nationalists believe that a nation should be run on
democratic principles (Woodrow Wilson 14 points after WW1)
Which thinkers are related to liberal nationalism
Rousseau and Mazzini
How do liberals think that nations act
in a rational way and will respect the rights of other nation-states
what is liberal internationalism
all nations should respect the sovereignty of other nations
what are liberal nationalists overall
optimistic, tolerant and progressive
What does conservative nationalism tend to be
regressive and emotional
what was Herder’s idea
volksgeist - the spirit of the nation
what is the ‘organic society’
the gradual evolution rather than revolutionary, sudden change of a society
what do conservative nationalists oppose and why
immigration due to fears that I could damage social cohesion
what is postcolonial nationalism based off of
resistance to colonialism
Who is an example of a postcolonial nationalist
Gandhi in India, who argued that the Indian people were part of a national and had their own collective identity
How can postcolonial nationalism be linked to cultural nationalism
ideas like Black pride of Marcus Garvey and the black nation of Islam by Malcolm X are based on cultures
who came up with the idea of black nationalism
Marcus Garvey
what is black nationalism
the idea that African Americans should return to Africa because they would never achieve equality in the USA.
how can expansionary nationalism also be described
chauvinistic (national superiority) nationalism
what is expansionary nationalism linked to
racialism or xenophobia
what is the classic example of expansionary nationalism
nazi Germany
What do expansionist nationalists not believe all nations are entitled to
self-determination
what is expansionary nationalism linked with
integral nationalism
who is the key expansionary thinker
Charles Maurras
What are the two distinctions between nationalists linked to the idea of reason
rational and irrational (romantic)
What is a rational nationalist approach
the belief that the nation was the most rational way to organise sovereign political communities
what is the irrational nationalist approach
it stresses the importance of culture and language. It is based on the idea that people have an emotional attachment to the nation
what are the two distinctions between the openness of the nation
inclusive and exclusive
what do inclusive nationalists believe
national identity is flexible, newcomers can join a nation quickly and easily regardless of past experiences. They can be described as multiculturalists
what do exclusive nationalists believe
They believe that membership of a nation should be based on long-term shared history, culture or language
what are the two distinctions between how modern nationalist beliefs can be
progressive and regressive
what do progressive nationalists believe
they aim to improve society and believe that nationalism can help to achieve that aim. It is associated with an outward-looking view and a willingness to work with other nation-states
what do regressive nationalists believe
they are conservative and reactionary, looking nostalgically to a bygone era. They might refer to a ‘golden age’ in their nation’s history.
what are the two main political distinctions between nationalist beliefs
Liberal and Conservative
What is liberal nationalism based off of
the freedom of the nation. The belief was that by freeing a nation, the individuals within that nation would also be free. These individuals are usually progressive
what is the conservative nationalist belief
they aim for an independent nation based on shared cultures, language, ethnicity etc… They are regressive
what is the priority for conservative nationalists
unity of the nation
What is the view of expansionist nationalist
They want to dominate their region economically or culturally. It can be because of chauvinistic and militaristic tendencies. It is linked to colonialism
what was the clause of France’s post-revolutionary constitution that came from JJR’s idea
“the source of all sovereignty is essentially the nation; nobody, no individual can exercise authority that does not proceed from it”
what modern bodies do liberal nationalists support
supranational bodies like the EU
What are the conservative nationalist symbols of the state
cultural unity and patriotism
when was post-colonial nationalism recognised and by who
Harold Macmillan in the 1960s
what did Harold Macmillan say about post-colonial nationalism
“The wind of change is blowing through this continent. Whether we like it or not, this growth of national consciousness is a political fact”
what is the post-colonial view of the state
they see the nation-state as the only legitimate form of government, wanting freedom from imperial dominating and the opportunity for nations to shape their own destinies. Governance should be returned to the indigenous population
what is the expansionist view of the state
they see the state as a mechanism for dominating others. They believe that weaker nations should accept their inferior position as colonies of more powerful nations. This can also be seen as integral nationalism.
what is the liberal view of the state
nations should be able to rule themselves in their own state. Rousseau was critical of absolute monarchies that existed in many parts of Europe and argued in favour of self-determination. Mazzini also argued in favour of self-determination, claiming that a nation can only be free when it expresses itself through its own state.
What is the conservative view of the state
only some superior nations can benefit from nation-statehood. They see the state as a way to unite the nation; they use the state and its institutions as a source of unity and a way to encourage patriotism
what is the nationalist view of human nature
a common view among all nationalists is that humans naturally wish to be united around common ideas and values.
how do conservative and liberal nationalists agree
Liberal nationalists see humans are rational individuals who will make choices out of free will. Conservative nationalists see humans as drawn to the familiar; nationalism unites people with common traits.
why is the concept of nation and national identity important
nations can be formed based on shared language, religion, culture, geography, ethnicity etc. Herder stressed the importance of language and believed that the world was naturally divided into separate nations.
what is the common nationalist view of society
it is defined in terms of ethnic or cultural traits. They also believe that society is held together by widely-held ideas and beliefs.
what is the consensus nationalist view of human nature
all nationalists believe that human beings naturally want to be united around a common set of ideas and values.
what is the conservative view of human nature
conservative nationalists have a more irrational view of human nature, they see humans as drawn to the familiar.
what is the inclusive view of human nature
it is open and tolerant. They believe that anyone can join a nation as long as they share the nation’s core values. Inclusive, liberal nationalists will probably be more multicultural in their outlook, happy to encourage different cultures.
what is the exclusive view of human nature
they are more suspicious. They believe that it takes time to become part of a nation and ideally you will have a shared history and will have immersed yourself in the nation’s culture. They favour mono-culturalism
what do civic nationalists think of human nature?
they believe that members of a nation must simply support the values of society and aim for a nation where all citizens can participate equally
what do cultural nationalists think of human nature?
being part of a nation is an emotional link; they want members of a nation to share values such as language, culture and tradition (volksgeist is relevant here). There is a greater emphasis on patriotism.
what is the consensus nationalist view of society
society is held together by widely-held ideas and principles and that society is defined in terms of key traits.
How does liberal nationalism view society
it sees society as advancing and improving. It supports the practising of different cultures in society - there is a strong belief in diversity and pluralism
how do conservative nationalists view society
backwards-looking view, seeking to maintain past traditions e.g MAGA and Donald Trump. It is more likely to be monocultural, with the view being that to maintain a strong, cohesive society and the uniqueness of the nation, new cultures and traditions should not be introduced.
what would conservative nationalists argue about immigration
immigrants should abandon the culture of their home nation
what is the civic view of society
a healthy society required people’s active participation (an idea linked to Rousseau). Shared histories and experiences are not important. It emphasises people’s pride in their political institutions. This is a rational idea
what is the cultural view of society
it is based on people sharing cultural values in society. they define the nation and society according to ethnicity and believe the nation must share common cultures, religions and languages. Herder’s theory of volksgeist is relevant here. It is a more emotional, irrational vision of society
what do exclusive nationalists favour and what can this lead to
mono-culturalism, which can lead to hostility towards immigration. This is like UKIP and the Front National
what is the liberal nationalist view of the economy
a nation-state has control over its own economy and can seek to either be self-sufficient or work and trade with other nations. They assume that independent nation states will want to co-operate economically, leading to a peaceful and prosperous world of mutually dependent nation-states where disputes are resolved rationally.
what is the conservative nationalist view of the economy
the belief that these original groups should have economic priority (benefits, housing, etc.) - a form of exclusive nationalism. It is associated with the economic principle of protectionism.
what is the post-colonial nationalist view of the economy
Ideas of economic empowerment. Many of these nationalists have been socialist, with the aim of promoting economic progress and independence from the ex-colonial ruler.
what is an example of post-colonial economic policy
Cuba under Fidel Castro, the desire to be free from the influence of the USA led to the rejection of capitalism and free-market principles.
who is the right-wing french conservative nationalist
Charles Maurras
What did Maurras believe
France had lost its ‘greatness’ after abandoning the monarchy. He argued that France should be more patriotic and restore the traditional values
What was wrong with Maurras
he was quite xenophobic and blamed the Jewish people for the decline in French fortunes.
How can Maurras’ philosophy be described as
ultra-conservative
How did Maurras describe his brand of nationalism
integral nationalism
what was integral nationalism
the idea that individuals should submerge themselves into their nation
what can Maurras’ form of nationalism be linked to
militarism
What did Maurras reject
individualism, he believed that the interests of the nation should always be more important than narrow self-interest
who is the post-colonial thinker
Marcus Garvey
what did Garvey argue
that black people in the USA and the Caribbean should look upon Africa as their homeland.
what are Garvey’s beliefs based off
the idea that African people are on race, scattered around the world by slavery and divided within Africa by colonial rule. He wanted to end colonial rule
What can Garvey’s beliefs be linked to
black nationalism
what did the development of black consciousness and pride require
black people to look beyond white culture and rediscover their cultural roots in Africa
what is pan-Africanism
African people, in all parts of the world, are one people
Who is associated with the ideas of liberal nationalism
Giuseppe Mazzini
What did Mazzini see as a duty
patriotism
What did he found in 1831
young Italy
what was young Italy
a revolutionary, nationalist movement
how can Mazzini be described as
a romantic nationalist
what was Mazzini’s motto
god and people
what did he believe people could do if they were freed from the tyranny
they could develop their own cultures and enjoy true freedom
What was Mazzini the founder of
guerrilla warfare
Who is the German associated with cultural nationalism
Johann Gottfried Von Herder
What did Von Herder argue
every nation is different, with its own unique cultural character
what are his ideas of nationalism based off of
culture and language
What did he argue each nation possesses
volksgeist (national spirit)
Where are Herder’s ideas valuable today
the protection of a welsh language and the Catalan movement
What does Herder fit naturally into
Conservative nationalism
What was he a strong opponent of
any form of tyranny
Who wrote the social contract (1762)
jean Jacques rousseau
what did JJR believe democracy should be based on
general will
what did JJR want to defend
the principle of popular sovereignty and self-determination
What did JJR develop
the romaic idea of the nation
What did JJR also write about
civic nationalism, the idea that the state is legitimate because it is based on the active participation of its citizens
Who is an example of a chauvinistic, expansionist nationalist
Adolf Hitler
who is a post-colonial socialist nationalist
Fidel Castro
Who is an example of a conservative nationalist
Winston Churchill
who is a liberal progressive nationalist
Nicola Sturgeon
what is the most basic idea of nationalism
the idea that the nation should be the central principle of political organisation
what is a simple description of a nation
a cultural entity, that is a group of people that share a language, traditions and usually occupy the same geographical area
What do all nationalists agree upon when it comes to what a nation is
a group of people bound together by shared values, histories and traditions
what do they agree about a language
a common language is important to the definition of a nation
What do nationalists believe about members of the nation
they will be patriotic and loyal. Patriotism is particularly associated with conservative and cultural nationalism but JJR (liberal, civic) wrote about the idea of the nation as a concept to which people could owe allegiance.
what do liberal nationalists believe about the nation
it is strongly linked to self-determination, seeing the nation as a political unit. This is rational
what do conservative nationalists believe about the nation
they don’t believe that the principle of self-determination is necessarily the best for all nations. They are likely to put an emphasis on cultural rather than civic factors.
what do exclusive nationalists believe about the nation
they emphasise the importance of ethnic unity and shared history. They are hostile towards multi-culturalism.
how do expansionist nationalists view the nation
in terms of ethnic or even racial terms
What do inclusive nationalists believe about the nation
they emphasise the importance of civic consciousness and accepts that nations can be multi-racial, multi-ethnic.
which thinkers are post-colonial
Garvey and Mazzini
which thinkers are chauvinistic
Maurras
which thinkers are civic
Mazzini and Rousseau
Which thinkers are conservative
Herder and Maurras
which thinkers are exclusive
Garvey, Herder and Maurras
Which thinkers are integral
Maurras and Mazzini
which thinkers are liberal
Garvey, Mazzini and Rousseau
which thinkers are militaristic
Maurras and Mazzini
Which thinkers are progressive
Garvey, Herder, Mazzini and Rousseau
which thinkers are rational
Garvey, Herder and Rousseau
which thinkers are regressive
Maurras
which thinkers are romantic
Herder, Maurras, Mazzini and Rousseau
