(P) Lesson 2: Epidemiology Flashcards by Kchianna Coronel

The study of disease, injury, and death

Epidemiology

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“The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states and events in specified populations” whose definition does this belong to?

CDC

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“The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events and the application of this study to control health problems” whose definition does this belong to?

WHO

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Refers to descriptive epidemiology (when, where, and who)

Distribution

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Refers to incidence, prevalence, and mortality rates

Frequency

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Refers to time, place, and person

Pattern

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Refers to analytic epidemiology; deals with causes, risk factors, and modes of transmission (why and how)

Determinants

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Refers to the agents

Causes

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Refers to exposure to the agents

Risk Factor

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Veni, Vidi, Vici

”I came, I saw, I conquered”

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Discovered the theory of the four body humors produced within the body

Hippocrates

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Discovered the “seeds of disease” and named “syphilis” in a poem

Girolamo Fracastoro

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Stated that disease is called as an external thing referred to as an “ens” which could attack any organ of the body

Paracelsus and JB van Helmont

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Person first to demonstrate procedures on microorganisms

Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek

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Theory coined by Louis Pasteur; said that germs can causes diseases and developed a vaccine and treatment for anthrax and rabies

Germ Theory

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Refers to how one germ can cause one type of disease

Biological Specificity

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His postulates included:
- perfected growing pure bacterial colonies
- developed autoclaves
- introduced photography for what he had seen in his microscope
- identified agents that caused diseases such as tuberculosis and cholera in 1884

Robert Koch

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He developed the “antiseptic” surgery which developed into “aseptic” surgery which he used carbolic acid dressings to disinfect surgical wounds

Joseph Lister

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He studied cholera and concluded that it was not transmitted through miasma but through contaminated water

John Snow

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He discovered the nature of viruses and their relationship to cells in the body

Martinus Beijerinck

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Delved into the fields of microscopy, tissue staining, embryology, chemotherapy, and immunology
Developed the theory of the chemical nature of antigens and antibodies (lock and key)

Paul Ehrlich

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He developed a polio vaccine using a weaker strain of the virus

Albert Sabin

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He coined the term “prion” and explained how these misfolded proteins could cause disease

Stanley Prusiner

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He worked on the retrovirus for HIV

Francoise Barre-Sinoussi

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A concept in epidemiology referring to differences in disease and injury occurrence for different populations

Population and Comparison

A concept of disease occurrence which refers to the epidemiological triad or triangle

Causation

The epidemiological triangle consists of what 3 factors?

Agent, Environment, and Host

Widely used method which describes the basic epidemiology of a disease; data is collated by time, place, and person

Descriptive

Time trend that describes the occurrence of a disease over a prolonged period of time (can take up to years)

Secular

Time trend that indicates change in the antigenic characteristics of the disease agent (if it can occur once, it can occur again in the future)

Periodic

Diseases that occur more frequently depending on what time of year it is

Seasonal

Refers to sudden increase in occurrence due to prevalent factors

Epidemic occurrence of disease

Refers to level of a disease that signals the start and end of the season

Seasonal Threshold

The week in which positivity rate was above the weekly average for the year and which has continued for 3 consecutive weeks

Start or Onset of Outbreak

The first week where the positive rate was below the weekly average which continued for 3 consecutive weeks

End of Outbreak

Refers to level above which the disease activity was higher than most years

Alert Threshold

A method that analyzes disease determinants for possible causal relationships

Analytical

Method which starts with the disease and retrospectively investigates the cause

Case Control/Case Comparison Method

Refers to the gathering of individuals with the disease in a case control method

Case group

Refers to the gathering of individuals similar to the case group but do not carry the disease

Comparison (control) group

This method prospectively studies two populations

Cohort Method

This population had contact with suspected causal factor under study

Population 1

This is a similar group that had no contact with the causal factor under a cohort study

Population 2

This method determines the relationship between a disease and present variables

Cross-Sectional Method

Method in which one or more selected factors are manipulated and the effects of manipulation will either confirm or disprove the hypothesis of the drug effectivity

Experimental 1

Refers to a proportion of people who died among all the individuals diagnosed with the same disease over a period of time

Case Fatality Rate/Fatality Risk or Ratio

This measure of mortality involves the total no. of deaths during a given time interval/mid-interval population (1,000 or 100,000)

Crude Death Rate

This measure of mortality involves the no. of deaths assigned to a specific cause during a given time interval/mid-interval population (100,000)

Cause-specific Death Rate

This measure of mortality involves the no. of deaths assigned to a specific cause during a given time interval/total no. of deaths from all causes during the same time (100 or 1,000)

Proportionate Mortality

This measure of mortality involves the no. of deaths assigned to a specific cause during a given time interval/no. of new cases of the same disease reported on the same time (100)

Death-to-Case Ratio

This measure of mortality involves the no. of deaths among children less than 28 days in age during a given time interval/no. of live births during the same time (1,000)

Neonatal Mortality Rate

This measure of mortality involves the no. of deaths among children less than 1 year old during a given time interval/no. of live births during the same time (1,000)

Infant Mortality Rate

Refers to living organisms or non-living sites (soil or water) for pathogen to grow

Reservoirs

Refers to individuals capable of transmitting pathogens without displaying symptoms

Carrier

Type of carrier that harbors and transmits the pathogen but is not infected

Passive

Type of carrier that is infected and can transmit the pathogen (symptomatic or asymptomatic)

Active

Type of transmission that is person-to-person (touching, intercourse, or droplets)

Direct

Type of transmission that involves inanimate objects called “fomites”

Indirect

Type of transmission where pathogens travel through water, food, air, etc.

Vehicle Transmission

Type of vector transmission which harbors the pathogen but is not infected (e.g. fly)

Mechanical

Type of vector transmission that is infected and can transmit the pathogen (e.g. flea)

Biological

Refers to occurrence of new cases of disease or injury in a population over a specified period of time

Incidence

Defined as a departure from a state of well-being as it encompasses disease, injury, and disability

Morbidity Frequency Measures

Measure of morbidity that involves the no. of new cases of disease during a specified time/population at the start of time interval

Incidence Proportion (Attack Rate/Risk)

Measure of morbidity that involves the no. of new cases among contacts/total no. of contacts

Secondary Attack Rate

Measure of morbidity that involves the no. of new cases of disease during a specified time/summed person to years of observation or average population during specified time

Incidence Rate (Person-Time Rate)

Measure of morbidity that involves the no. of current cases (new and existing) at a specified point/population at the same specified time

Point Prevalence

Measure of morbidity that involves the no. of current cases (new and existing) over a period of time/average or mid-interval population

Period Prevalence

Refers to relative magnitude of 2 quantities or a comparison of any 2 values

Ratio

Refers to comparison of a part to a whole; type of ratio where the numerator is included in the denominator

Proportion

A measure of frequency with which an event occurs in a defined population over a specified period of time

Rates