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Community Public Health > (P) Lesson 2: Epidemiology > Flashcards

(P) Lesson 2: Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

The study of disease, injury, and death

A

Epidemiology

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2
Q

“The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states and events in specified populations” whose definition does this belong to?

A

CDC

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3
Q

“The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events and the application of this study to control health problems” whose definition does this belong to?

A

WHO

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4
Q

Refers to descriptive epidemiology (when, where, and who)

A

Distribution

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5
Q

Refers to incidence, prevalence, and mortality rates

A

Frequency

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6
Q

Refers to time, place, and person

A

Pattern

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7
Q

Refers to analytic epidemiology; deals with causes, risk factors, and modes of transmission (why and how)

A

Determinants

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8
Q

Refers to the agents

A

Causes

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9
Q

Refers to exposure to the agents

A

Risk Factor

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10
Q

Veni, Vidi, Vici

A

”I came, I saw, I conquered”

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11
Q

Discovered the theory of the four body humors produced within the body

A

Hippocrates

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12
Q

Discovered the “seeds of disease” and named “syphilis” in a poem

A

Girolamo Fracastoro

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13
Q

Stated that disease is called as an external thing referred to as an “ens” which could attack any organ of the body

A

Paracelsus and JB van Helmont

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14
Q

Person first to demonstrate procedures on microorganisms

A

Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek

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15
Q

Theory coined by Louis Pasteur; said that germs can causes diseases and developed a vaccine and treatment for anthrax and rabies

A

Germ Theory

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16
Q

Refers to how one germ can cause one type of disease

A

Biological Specificity

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17
Q

His postulates included:
- perfected growing pure bacterial colonies
- developed autoclaves
- introduced photography for what he had seen in his microscope
- identified agents that caused diseases such as tuberculosis and cholera in 1884

A

Robert Koch

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18
Q

He developed the “antiseptic” surgery which developed into “aseptic” surgery which he used carbolic acid dressings to disinfect surgical wounds

A

Joseph Lister

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19
Q

He studied cholera and concluded that it was not transmitted through miasma but through contaminated water

A

John Snow

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20
Q

He discovered the nature of viruses and their relationship to cells in the body

A

Martinus Beijerinck

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21
Q
  • Delved into the fields of microscopy, tissue staining, embryology, chemotherapy, and immunology
  • Developed the theory of the chemical nature of antigens and antibodies (lock and key)
A

Paul Ehrlich

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22
Q

He developed a polio vaccine using a weaker strain of the virus

A

Albert Sabin

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23
Q

He coined the term “prion” and explained how these misfolded proteins could cause disease

A

Stanley Prusiner

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24
Q

He worked on the retrovirus for HIV

A

Francoise Barre-Sinoussi

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25
Q

A concept in epidemiology referring to differences in disease and injury occurrence for different populations

A

Population and Comparison

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26
Q

A concept of disease occurrence which refers to the epidemiological triad or triangle

A

Causation

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27
Q

The epidemiological triangle consists of what 3 factors?

A

Agent, Environment, and Host

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28
Q

Widely used method which describes the basic epidemiology of a disease; data is collated by time, place, and person

A

Descriptive

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29
Q

Time trend that describes the occurrence of a disease over a prolonged period of time (can take up to years)

A

Secular

30
Q

Time trend that indicates change in the antigenic characteristics of the disease agent (if it can occur once, it can occur again in the future)

A

Periodic

31
Q

Diseases that occur more frequently depending on what time of year it is

A

Seasonal

32
Q

Refers to sudden increase in occurrence due to prevalent factors

A

Epidemic occurrence of disease

33
Q

Refers to level of a disease that signals the start and end of the season

A

Seasonal Threshold

34
Q

The week in which positivity rate was above the weekly average for the year and which has continued for 3 consecutive weeks

A

Start or Onset of Outbreak

35
Q

The first week where the positive rate was below the weekly average which continued for 3 consecutive weeks

A

End of Outbreak

36
Q

Refers to level above which the disease activity was higher than most years

A

Alert Threshold

37
Q

A method that analyzes disease determinants for possible causal relationships

A

Analytical

38
Q

Method which starts with the disease and retrospectively investigates the cause

A

Case Control/Case Comparison Method

39
Q

Refers to the gathering of individuals with the disease in a case control method

A

Case group

40
Q

Refers to the gathering of individuals similar to the case group but do not carry the disease

A

Comparison (control) group

41
Q

This method prospectively studies two populations

A

Cohort Method

42
Q

This population had contact with suspected causal factor under study

A

Population 1

43
Q

This is a similar group that had no contact with the causal factor under a cohort study

A

Population 2

44
Q

This method determines the relationship between a disease and present variables

A

Cross-Sectional Method

45
Q

Method in which one or more selected factors are manipulated and the effects of manipulation will either confirm or disprove the hypothesis of the drug effectivity

A

Experimental 1

46
Q

Refers to a proportion of people who died among all the individuals diagnosed with the same disease over a period of time

A

Case Fatality Rate/Fatality Risk or Ratio

47
Q

This measure of mortality involves the total no. of deaths during a given time interval/mid-interval population (1,000 or 100,000)

A

Crude Death Rate

48
Q

This measure of mortality involves the no. of deaths assigned to a specific cause during a given time interval/mid-interval population (100,000)

A

Cause-specific Death Rate

49
Q

This measure of mortality involves the no. of deaths assigned to a specific cause during a given time interval/total no. of deaths from all causes during the same time (100 or 1,000)

A

Proportionate Mortality

50
Q

This measure of mortality involves the no. of deaths assigned to a specific cause during a given time interval/no. of new cases of the same disease reported on the same time (100)

A

Death-to-Case Ratio

51
Q

This measure of mortality involves the no. of deaths among children less than 28 days in age during a given time interval/no. of live births during the same time (1,000)

A

Neonatal Mortality Rate

52
Q

This measure of mortality involves the no. of deaths among children less than 1 year old during a given time interval/no. of live births during the same time (1,000)

A

Infant Mortality Rate

53
Q

Refers to living organisms or non-living sites (soil or water) for pathogen to grow

A

Reservoirs

54
Q

Refers to individuals capable of transmitting pathogens without displaying symptoms

A

Carrier

55
Q

Type of carrier that harbors and transmits the pathogen but is not infected

A

Passive

56
Q

Type of carrier that is infected and can transmit the pathogen (symptomatic or asymptomatic)

A

Active

57
Q

Type of transmission that is person-to-person (touching, intercourse, or droplets)

A

Direct

58
Q

Type of transmission that involves inanimate objects called “fomites”

A

Indirect

59
Q

Type of transmission where pathogens travel through water, food, air, etc.

A

Vehicle Transmission

60
Q

Type of vector transmission which harbors the pathogen but is not infected (e.g. fly)

A

Mechanical

61
Q

Type of vector transmission that is infected and can transmit the pathogen (e.g. flea)

A

Biological

62
Q

Refers to occurrence of new cases of disease or injury in a population over a specified period of time

A

Incidence

63
Q

Defined as a departure from a state of well-being as it encompasses disease, injury, and disability

A

Morbidity Frequency Measures

64
Q

Measure of morbidity that involves the no. of new cases of disease during a specified time/population at the start of time interval

A

Incidence Proportion (Attack Rate/Risk)

65
Q

Measure of morbidity that involves the no. of new cases among contacts/total no. of contacts

A

Secondary Attack Rate

66
Q

Measure of morbidity that involves the no. of new cases of disease during a specified time/summed person to years of observation or average population during specified time

A

Incidence Rate (Person-Time Rate)

67
Q

Measure of morbidity that involves the no. of current cases (new and existing) at a specified point/population at the same specified time

A

Point Prevalence

68
Q

Measure of morbidity that involves the no. of current cases (new and existing) over a period of time/average or mid-interval population

A

Period Prevalence

69
Q

Refers to relative magnitude of 2 quantities or a comparison of any 2 values

A

Ratio

70
Q

Refers to comparison of a part to a whole; type of ratio where the numerator is included in the denominator

A

Proportion

71
Q

A measure of frequency with which an event occurs in a defined population over a specified period of time

A

Rates

Community Public Health (11 decks)

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