(P) Lesson 1: Introduction to CPH Flashcards
“Health” is derived from what word?
Hal (hale, sound, or whole)
The state of complete well-being and not merely just the absence of a disease
Health
Collective body of individuals that share similar characteristics in terms of geography, culture, values, etc.
Community
The science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting health through the efforts of a society
Public Health
What are the 3Ps of Public Health?
- Preventing disease
- Prolonging life
- Promoting health
T or F: Public Health focuses on the curing of diseases rather than prevention
False (always after the preventative measures)
The prevention, treatment, and management of illnesses through medical services provided by health care professionals
Clinical Care
Refers to individual care
Health Care
A factor that contributes to the generation of a trait
Determinant
An illness in excess of normal expectancy that covers a large geographic distribution
Epidemic/Outbreak
Refers to the international/global spread of a disease
Pandemic
Refers to a disease that is usually present in a specific geographic area
Endemic
The result of a medical condition that impacts the length and quality of a person’s life
Health Outcome
The action intended to alter the course of a pathological process
Intervention
Approach to health that aims towards improving the health of a large number of people
Population Health
An action to avoid a phenomenon relating to disease
Prevention
What organization does this mission belong to? “As the nation’s leader in health, we are committed to guarantee equitable, accessible and quality health services for all Filipinos.”
Department of Health
What organization does this mission belong to? “Public Health aims to provided maximum benefit for the largest number of people.”
World Health Organization
What year was predicted to be the age where archeological findings of the first medical records originated from?
2,000 BC
Known as the earliest written record of public health
Code of Hammurabi
When was the Code of Hammurabi thought to have originated from?
1,900 BC
The book that gave guidelines for personal cleanliness and hygiene
Book of Leviticus
When did the Book of Leviticus originate from?
1,500 BC
T or F: Individual health was given more attention before than public or environmental health
True (it was believed that man was the most important being on Earth)
Known as the spiritual era of public health where epidemics ran more rampant especially with communicable diseases
Middle Ages
The period when people thought that diseases were caused by the environment and where the theory of disease causation started
Renaissance Period
A diagram containing the elements: Agent, Host, and Environment
Epidemiological Triad
The century when water sanitation was a big issue and the smallpox vaccine was made available
18th Century
Who discovered and created the smallpox vaccine?
Edward Jenner
Known as the modern era of public health where epidemics continued across cities of Europe and America
19th Century
The century when communicable diseases were the main issue as national laws started being placed
20th Century
The century where the main focuses were on healthcare delivery, policies, accessibility, environmental problems, drug abuse, etc.
21st Century
The age where Greeks and Romans practiced community sanitation measures
500 BC
The year when the Public Health Act of the UK was established
1848
The year when the Environmental Protection Agency was founded in the US
1970
One of the major pandemics that affected over 500 million people worldwide in 1918
Spanish Influenza
Vaccine production for this pandemic disease began in 1955 as disease eradication began in 1988
Polio
34 million people live with this disease worldwide but since 2001, there has been a 20% decline in new infections
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
The most current pandemic with around 300 million cases and 5 million deaths
COVID
This event had utilized the plague as a weapon of war during the Siege of Kaffa
Biologic Warfare
The infamous date when public health surveillance was conducted after an alleged terrorist attack
September 11, 2001
The well known hurricane event in the US that triggered emergency, public health surveillance, and disease treatment services
Hurricane Katrina
The law that prevents smoking in public places
Tobacco Law
The worldwide event that triggered companies to provide proper food labels and the promotion of physical activity
Obesity
Under what era did ancient Filipinos believe that health is related to having a good relationship with the environment?
Pre-Spanish Era (before 1565)
T or F: Ancient Filipinos believed that illnesses were caused by disharmony with the spiritual world
True (one must pray in order to cure themselves of the illness)
Who are believed to be the mediators between the physical and spiritual world? (aka priestesses/healers)
Babaylans
Under what era were the San Lazaro Church and Hospital created which represented early medical healthcare in the country?
Spanish Era (1565 - 1898)
What is the name of the first hospital built in the Philippines that was funded by King Phillip?
Hospital Real
Where was Hospital Real originally built?
Cebu
Who were responsible for the initial establishment of the first health institutions in the country?
Spanish Friars
Which disease epidemic began in 1574 under Spanish Rule?
Smallpox (bolotong)
Which physician granted the Filipinos access to the smallpox vaccine?
Dr. Francisco de Balmis
Malaria, dengue, and schistosomiasis were considered endemic in which country?
Southern China
Under what period were the first crematoriums built in the Philippines?
American Period (1898 - 1918)
Under American rule, they also established what committee in 1901?
Board of Health for Philippine Islands
Which current-standing medical school was opened during the American Period?
UP College of Medicine
This law was created to formalize US commitment towards giving Filipinos their freedom which gave rise to the creation of the Philippine Health Service
Jones Law
After the Jones Law, the Mandate of Public Health and the North General Hospital were established, what is the current name of the North General Hospital?
Jose R. Reyes Memorial Medical Center
T or F: Mortality and morbidity rates for infectious diseases decreased during the American rule
False (it increased due to armed conflict between the Filipinos and Americans)
Under what period was there a shortage of doctors and nurses that gave way to traveling x-ray and TB clinics?
Filipinization of Health Services (1918 - 1941)
Which general advocated for public health and sanitation which led to the establishment of health and puericulture centers?
Major General Leonard Wood
When was the Philippine Medical School founded?
1905
Which US president demolished the Philippine Health Service, Office of the Public Welfare Commissioner, and the TB Commission and combined them all under the care of the Bureau of Public Health and Public Welfare in 1932?
President Theodore Roosevelt
What is the name of the segregated islands used for people with leprosy?
Culion
Who was elected as the Commissioner of Public Health and Welfare which triggered a decrease in water-borne disease incidents due to the creation of water filtration services in Manila?
Dr. Jose Fabella
Under what rule was the country suffering from cases of TB, malaria, malnutrition, and over 5,000 escaped lepers in search of food due to resource scarcity?
Japanese Occupation (1941-1945)
Which Philippine president established the National Advisory Council?
President Manuel Roxas
This council was created under the DOH to study public health concerns and to make program recommendations
National Advisory Council
When did WHO transfer from Hong Kong to the Philippines?
Around the 1950s
The WHO gave its focus to USAID (United States Agency for International Development) which is the department concerned with?
Family Planning
The WHO gave focus to UNICEF (United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund) which is the department concerned with?
Campaigning against TB in children
When was mass vaccinations of BCG (Bacille Calmette-Guerin) made available to Filipino children?
1952
Under whose presidential term were rural health units formed for every municipality?
Magsaysay Administration
Under whose presidential term were the following contributions done?
→ Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act
→ Creation of the FDA
→ National Water and Air Pollution Control Commission
→ National Schistosomiasis Control Commission
Macapagal Administration
Under whose presidential term did the Philippine Medical Care Act of 1969 (aka Medicare) get passed into law?
Marcos Administration
This law extends healthcare services to all Filipinos as long as it is within the nation’s capacity to pay; it aids citizens to pay for their medical fees using practical methods
Philippine Medical Care Act of 1969 (Medicare)
Under what years were the following contributions implemented?
→ health service classifications: primary, secondary, and tertiary
→ creation of Barangay Health Stations
→ Rural Health Practice Program
→ National Nutrition Program
→ establishment of the PCMS, Heart and Lung Center, and the NKTI
Martial Law Years
Focuses on accessibility, community participation, health promotion, technology use, and a multi-sectoral approach
Primary Health Care for ALL
Under whose presidential term were the following contributions made?
→ health budget increase
→ The Milk Code—for children and breastfeeding mothers
→ Field Epidemiology Training Program
→ Generics Drug Act—mother of the Cheaper Medicine Act
→ Magna Carta for Public Health Workers
Corazon Aquino Administration
Under whose presidential term were the following contributions made?
→ Oplan Alis Disease: Ceasefire for Children—immunization and vaccination of children
→ Doctors to the Barrios Program
→ Yosi Kadiri
→ Strategic and Tactical Options for the Prevention of Disaster, Epidemics, and Trauma (STOP DEATH)
→ Tubig, Kubeta, Oresol (TKO): Kontra Kolera
→ Araw ng Sangkap Pinoy and Family Planning: Kung Sila’y Mahal N’yo, Magplano
→ ASIN Law—iodized salt with the DOH logo
→ National Blood Services Act of 1994—voluntary blood donations
Fidel Ramos and Juan Flavier
The first female secretary of health who established the:
- Early Childhood Development Program
- Botika ng Barangay
- Traditional and Alternative Medicine Act of 1997
Dr. Carmencita Reodica
Under whose presidential term were the following contributions made?
→ Health Sector Reform Agenda
→ National Health Passport
→ Oks and Oks Mass Treatment of Schistosomiasis
→ Rabies Elimination Program in Visayas
Estrada Administration
Under whose presidential term were the following contributions made?
→ TB Directly Observed Treatment-Short Course Program (TB-DOTS)
→ SARS Outbreak: Five Strategic Action on SARS
→ FOURmula ONE for Health—healthcare financing, regulation, service delivery, and governance
→ Accessible Cheaper and Quality Medicines Act
→ Maternal, Neonatal and Child Health and Nutrition (MNCHN) Strategy
Arroyo Administration
Which president established the Reproductive Health Law and the Responsible Parenthood Act?
President Noynoy Aquino
Under whose presidential term were the following contributions made?
→ Universal Health Care Act
→ Philippine Mental Health Law
→ Bayanihan To Heal as One Act
Duterte Administration
T or F: Preventative measures lean more towards being individually-centered
False (preventative is for community-centered while curative is for individual-centered)
A fatal intestinal disease that ran rampant in London during the 1800s
Cholera
T or F: Cholera was thought to be caused by eating raw food
False (Bad air and rotting organic matter)
Who traced the source of the cholera outbreak and was named as the “Father of Modern Epidemiology”?
Dr. John Snow
Refers to the study of the occurrence of a disease
Epidemiology
What was the concluded reason as to why there was a cholera outbreak as stated by John Snow?
Drinking water contaminated with sewage
T or F: John Snow’s research paved the way for the creation of water sanitation policies in London
True
What are the three core functions of Public Health?
APA
- Assessment
- Policy
- Assurance
A core function in public health that refers to collecting, analyzing, and making information available regarding health communities
Assessment
A core function in public health that refers to using scientific knowledge in making and passing laws
Policy
A core function of public health that ensures provision of services to those in need
Assurance
T or F: Healthcare involves the joint efforts of the laboratory and the field
False (joint laboratory and patient involvement; the field is for public health)
T or F: Clinical services are essential to professional training for public health
False (public health clinical services are only peripheral to the training, essential training falls under healthcare)
T or F: Social media is a catalyst for public health
True
T or F: An estimated 8.1 million children die each year before their 5th birthday (current statistic)
True
T or F: The proportion of the world which received improved drinking water sources decreased from 87% to 83%
False (it increased from 83% to 87%)
T or F: The proportion of the world with access to improved sanitation increased from 58% to 61%
True
T or F: Malaria deaths increased by 21% between 2000-2009
False (it decreased by 21%)
Dracunculiasis is also known as?
Guinea Worm Disease
Onchocerciasis is also known as?
River Blindness
Dracunculiasis and Onchocerciasis are endemic where?
America
