(M) Lesson 2: Community Organizing, Health Education and Health Promotion Flashcards
A social group determined by geographic boundaries and/or common values and interests
Community
Functions within a particular social structure and exhibits and creates norms, values and social institutions; Members know and interact with each other
Community
Whar is ‘community’ in French?
Commune
Whar is ‘community’ in German?
Gemeinshaft
Described as the special, direct, exclusive and personal intangible relationship associated to a larger society
Community
Category of community; share physical space; residents come in contact with each other through proximity, instead of intent
Geographic Communities
Category of community; sometimes referred to as “communities within communities”. Members choose to associate with each other based on common interests or shared concerns. Examples ethnic groups, low income groups
Communities of Interest
Category of community; groups of people primarily interacting through communication
media instead of face-to-face, “social aggregations that emerge from the Net when people carry on public discussions, long enough, with sufficient human feeling, to form webs of personal relationships.”
Virtual communities
“the process of building power through involving a constituency in identifying problems they share and the solutions to those problems that they desire”
Community organizing
A process by which community groups are helped to identify common problems or change targets, mobilize resources, and develop and implement strategies for reaching their collective goals
Community Organizing
Covers a series of activities (at the community level) that is aimed at bringing about desired improvement in the social well-being of individuals, groups and neighborhoods
Community Organization
It is often used interchangeably with community work, community development and community mobilization
Community Organization
“Community characteristics affecting its ability to identify, mobilize, and address problems”
Community capacity
“Social action process to gain mastery over the lives of the community”
Empowerment
“Community organizing starts ‘where peopleare and engage community members as equals’”
Participation & Relevance
Processes that lead to accomplishing goal of mutual social benefit - characterized by interrelated constructs of trust, cooperation, civic engagement, and reciprocity, reinforcement by networking
Social capital
It is a comprehensive description of a population that defines itself, as a community and the resources that exist within that community, carried out with the active involvement of the community itself, for the purpose of developing an action or other means of improving the quality of life of the community
Community profiling
It is a tool for community development
Community profiling
a process designed to create conditions of economic and social progress for the whole community with its active participation and fullest possible reliance upon the community’s initiative
Community Development
An organized effort of people to improve the conditions of community life and the capacity of the people for participation, self-direction and integrated efforts in community affairs
Community Development
7 Key Areas of Community Development; means measures necessary for improving and protecting health and well-being of the people
Health and Sanitation
any system that promotes proper disposal of human and animal wastes, proper use of toilet and avoiding open space defecation
Sanitation
7 Key Areas of Community Development; enables everyone to acquire knowledge, skills, attitudes and values needed to achieve their full potential
Education
7 Key Areas of Community Development; enables the community to provide safety measures in times of adversity as well as in their full potential
Safety preparedness
7 Key Areas of Community Development; encompasses air, water, land and other elements and substances that affect mental and physical well being of the people living in it
Environment
7 Key Areas of Community Development; activities that promote refreshment of body,
mind and spirit
Recreational
7 Key Areas of Community Development; the process of discovering new ways of combining resources with the intention of gaining profit
Entrepreneurship
7 Key Areas of Community Development; the underlying belief of what comprises right and wrong in any society
Morals of citizenry
refer to the person or groups of person who recognized the problem and are actual members of the community
Grass roots
When grass roots plan together to address the problem, it is then called the
Bottom-up approach
Approach when individuals from outside the community will initiate community organization. Organizers can enter the community through a well-respected organization or institution that is already established in the community
Top-down organization
are termed as such because these individual/s control both formally and informally the “political climate” of the community; may be long time residents of the community who know their community, how it functions, and how to accomplish tasks within their community.
Gatekeepers
Organizers must pass through this “gate” to gain entry in the community and must learn how to play their “ball game” and must be approached at their own terms.
Gatekeepers
the core group of community members who already recognize the
problem and is interested in seeing the problem solved of community members who already recognize the problem and is interested in seeing the problem solved.
Executive participants
They will form the backbone of the workforce and will probably end up doing the majority
of the work force
Executive participants
Who forms executive participants?
Grass Roots
a temporary group that is brought together for dealing with a specific problem
Task Force
formal alliance of organizations that come together to work for a common goal
Coalition Group
T or F; Task group is not dissolved after resolving the problem
False (they are)
What are the 2 reasons to complete a comprehensive assessment?
Information is needed for change
Information is needed for empowerment
a process by which data about the issues of concern are collected and analyzed.
Needs Assessment
Intervention strategies; refers to using mass media, billboards, booklets, flyers, pamphlets, infographics, posters and other IEC materials
HEALTH COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES
Intervention strategies; methods to teach the community through lecture/webinar/seminars; small group discussions, modules
HEALTH EDUCATION STRATEGIES
Intervention strategies; executive orders, laws, ordinances, policies, position statements
and regulations
HEALTH POLICY/ENFORCEMENT STRATEGIES
Intervention strategies; it is designed to change the structure of services or system of care to improve health promotion services: bike lanes, No Smoking signs
ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE STRATEGIES
Intervention strategies; using health risk appraisals, community screening for health problems and immunization clinic
HEALTH-RELATED COMMUNITY SERVICES
Intervention strategies; modifying behavior to stop smoking, start exercise, manage stress and regulate diet
BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION ACTIVITIES
Refers to resources that can be available within the community
Horizontal relationship
Refers to resources that can be through assistance from other local units outside the community
Vertical relationships
The direct product of the program
Output
Refers to the benefits received by the participants
Outcomes
Any combination of planned learning experiences using evidence-based practices and/or sound theories that provide the opportunity to acquire knowledge, attitudes, and skills needed to adopt and maintain health behaviors (Joint Committee on Health Education and Promotion Terminology)
Health Education
T or F; Health Education is in a larger scale than Health Promotion
False (Health Educ is only a part)
Its purpose is to provide health information and knowledge to individuals and communities as well as to provide skills to enable them to adopt healthy behaviors voluntarily
Health Education
It may be in the form of lectures, seminars or courses; it can also be communicated to people through pamphlets and notes
Health Education
Focus is on the continuity of activities essential for preventing diseases, prolonging life and promoting health
Prevention
Activities that will prevent a problem or a disease before it occurs
Primary Prevention
Also known as health maintenance involves activities aimed at early diagnosis, prompting treatments and disability limitation
Secondary Prevention
Involves population-based screening of the disease before it becomes symptomatic
(for early detection)
Secondary Prevention
Goal is to minimize residual disability and helping the client to learn to live productively with limitations
Tertiary Prevention
What is the key concept and core strategy in health promotion?
Social Mobilization
Components of Social Mobilization; the process of convincing a specific group of people about the necessary action on a specific goal
Advocacy
Components of Social Mobilization; linking of related institutions and their resources to achieve common objective
Networking
Components of Social Mobilization; dissemination of information and correction of misconceptions/false beliefs and promotion of health behaviors and values.
Information, Education and Communication
Components of Social Mobilization; a continuing process of acquiring knowledge, attitudes and skills to perform the functions they have been assigned to or hired for
Capability Building
Components of Social Mobilization; the process of determining the effectiveness of the program and efficient implementation in advocacy and mobilization
Monitoring & Evaluation
“Process of empowering people to make healthy lifestyle choices and motivating them to become better self-managers “ (NDAP 2015)
Health promotion
is a social and political action enhancing public awareness of health, fostering healthy lifestyle and creating conditions conducive to health”
(WHO)
Health promotion
Is a process of enabling people to take action to improve their health”
(National Center for Health Promotion – Dept. of Health)
Health promotion
Any process that enables individuals or communities to increase control over the determinants of their health
Health promotion
a clear statement of action for health promotion which first came out in 1986 at the first International Conference on Health Promotion
Ottawa Charter
When did Ottawa Charter first came out
1986
What did the Ottawa Charter targeted to achieve?
Health for All by the year 2020 and beyond
Where did the first International Conference on Health Promotion happen
Ottawa, Canada
approach concept: “health is created and lived by people within the settings of their everyday
life: where they learn, work, play and love”
Settings-based
means conducting health promotion in schools, workplaces, markets, residential areas to address priority health problem
Settings-based design
Health Promotion Strategy Framework (2030) Priority Areas; enabling improved nutrition and increased physical activity
Diet and Physical Activity
Health Promotion Strategy Framework (2030) Priority Areas; minimizing environmental and climate impacts on health
Environmental health
Health Promotion Strategy Framework (2030) Priority Areas; reducing deaths and disabilities from vaccine-preventable diseases
Vaccines & Immunization
Health Promotion Strategy Framework (2030) Priority Areas; preventing tobacco, illicit drug use & binge drinking
Substance Use
Health Promotion Strategy Framework (2030) Priority Areas; Increasing psychosocial and mental well-being
Mental health
Health Promotion Strategy Framework (2030) Priority Areas; Promoting positive sexual and reproductive behavior
Sexual & Reproductive Health
Health Promotion Strategy Framework (2030) Priority Areas; Fostering safe and inclusive communities
Violence and Injury Prevention
The policy focuses on regulating the TFA content of pre-packaged food (chips, biscuits and other baked products) and replace TFA with alternative fats and oils without significant difference in its taste and costs.
Administrative Order No. 2021-0039
The policy focuses on regulating the TFA content of pre-packaged food (chips, biscuits and other baked products) and replace TFA with alternative fats and oils without significant difference in its taste and costs.
Administrative Order No. 2021-0039
What is the Administrative Order No. 2021-0039?
The National Policy Framework in the Elimination of Industrially-Produced Trans-Fatty Acid (TFA) for the Prevention and Control of Non-Communicable Diseases
Who issues the Administrative Order No. 2021-0039?
DOH
T or F; The Philippines is one of only three countries recognized by the WHO with best practice on TFA elimination policy,
which is in line with the global target for elimination of TFA by 2023.
False (one of only two)
It is a cost-benefit evaluation framework proposed by Lawrence W. Green in 1974; help program planners, policy makers and evaluators to analyze situations when designing health programs
PRECEDE-PROCEED MODEL
Who developed the PRECEDE-PROCEED MODEL and when?
Lawrence W. Green, 1974
T or F; Under the Precede-Proceed Model, health is regarded as being influenced by both individual and environmental factors; and that there should be active participation of its intended audience (“consumers”)
True
Precede-Proceed Model; an “educational diagnosis”
Precede
Precede-Proceed Model; an “ecological diagnosis”
Proceed
What does PRECEDE stand for?
Predisposing-Reinforcing and Enabling Constructs in Educational Diagnosis and Evaluation
What does PROCEED stand for?
Policy, Regulatory, and Organizational Constructs in Educational and Environmental Development
Planners should focus on the desired outcomes first, then work backwards to identify strategies to achieve the objectives
Precede-Proceed Model
Program planners will try to gain an understanding of:
* Social problems that affect the quality of life of the community
* The strengths, weaknesses and resources of the members of the community
* The readiness to change (of the members of the community)
Social diagnosis
This is done through: community forums, conducting FGDs, surveys, and/or interviews
Social diagnosis
Diagnosis; refers to the process of determining (and focusing) health issue/s of the community; the environmental and behavioral factors related to prioritized health needs. This may include gathering and making use of either or a combination of primary and secondary data.
Epidemiological Diagnosis
Diagnosis; analysis of behavioral links to the goals or problems that were identified.
Behavioral Diagnosis
It is the parallel analysis of social and physical environmental factors other than specific actions that could be linked to behaviors
Environmental Diagnosis
Selection of factors, which planners believe that if modified, will most likely result in behavior change and will
sustain it as well.
* Predisposing factors
* Enabling Factors
* Reinforcing Factors
Educational and Ecological Diagnosis
This phase will focus on administrative and organizational concerns that must be addressed prior to implementation of the program
Administrative and Policy Diagnosis
Diagnosis; assess policies, resources, circumstances and prevailing organizational situations that could hinder/impede or help in the development of the health program.
Administrative Diagnosis
Diagnosis; involves assessing the compatibility of the program goals and objectives with those of the organization and its administration. This will evaluate whether program goals will fit into the mission statements, rules and regulations that are needed for the implementation and sustainability of the program
Policy Diagnosis
Used to evaluate the process by which the program is being implemented; It determines whether the program is being implemented according to the protocol
Process Evaluation
This measures the effectiveness of the program with regards to the intermediate objectives and the changes in the predisposing, enabling and reinforcing factor
Impact Evaluation
This phase will measure the change in terms of overall objectives and will also measure the changes in health and social benefits or quality of life
Outcome Evaluation
Based on the core principle that community health improvement will work best if multiple sectors will collaborate for collective impact on individual and consequently community health
Community Health Impact Model
Approaches to Health Promotion; Its objectives was to understand the failure of people to adopt disease prevention and/or screening tests for early detection of disease; t a person’s belief in a personal threat of an illness plus his belief in the effectiveness of the recommended health behavior (or action) will predict the likelihood that he will adopt to this new behavior
Health Belief Model
Who developed the Health Belief Model and when?
US Public Health Service, 1950s
Also called the Stages of Change Model (Prochaska et.al.); It identifies stages of change that individuals pass through before actualizing a change
Transtheoretical Model
Transtheoretical Model; patient does not intend to act yet despite knowing condition
Pre-contemplation
Transtheoretical Model; patient does not intend to act yet despite knowing condition
Pre-contemplation
Transtheoretical Model; the patient is planning to act with intention
Contemplation
Transtheoretical Model; the patient establishes a course of action and sets a timed objective
Preparation
Transtheoretical Model; the patient takes the courses of action
Action
Transtheoretical Model; patient focuses on not relapsing and maintaining the plan within the daily routines
Maintenance
Transtheoretical Model; Patient is actively healthy and no longer interested in returning to old behaviors
Termination
Suggests that behavior is dependent on one’s intention to perform the behavior; Intention is determined by an individual’s attitudes (beliefs and values about the outcome of the behavior
Theory of Planned Behavior
Theory of Planned Behavior; beliefs about what other people think the person should do or general social pressure
Subjective Norms
Theory of Planned Behavior; defined as an individual’s perceptions of their ability or feelings of self-efficacy to perform behavior
Perceived behavioral control
