(M) Lesson 1: Nutrition, Food Security, & Gender Equality Flashcards
Refers to the science of food, the nutrients and other substances therein, their action, interaction and balance in relation to health and disease; and the processes by which an individual ingests, digests, absorbs, transports, utilizes and excretes food substances
Nutrition
Refers to what people eat and drink to stay alive and healthy, for growth, development, work, and other physical activities
Food
These are chemical components of food
Nutrients
These are substances responsible for giving energy, building and repairing body tissues, and regulating body processes
Nutrients
What are the two types of nutrients?
Micronutrients and Macronutrients
These are nutrients needed in relatively large amounts and provide energy
Macronutrients
Macronutrient’s unit for energy
Calorie
Unit for macronutrients
Gram
Unit for micronutrients
Miligrams or micrograms
These are nutrients needed in relatively small amounts
Micronutrients
Two types of micronutrients
Vitamins and Minerals
Two types of vitamins
Fat-soluble and Water-soluble
Macronutrient; known as protein sparer
Carbohydrates
Macronutrient; main source of fuel for energy
Carbohydrates
Macronutrient; main source of fuel for energy
Carbohydrates
Macronutrient; Aid in formation of enzymes, hormones and antibodies
Protein
Macronutrient; Build and repair body tissues
Protein
Macronutrient; found in meat, fish, poultry, eggs, milk, cheese
Protein
Macronutrient; found in rice, cereals, root crops, sugar
Carbohydrates
Macronutrient; source for essential fatty acid
Fats
How many calories should be there for every one gram of fat?
9 kilocalories
Macronutrient; causes formation of ketone
Fats
Macronutrient; found in oils and fats, nuts, and avocado
Fats
What are the two type of fats?
Saturated and unsaturated
Type of Vitamin (Micronutrient); not stored in the body and heat sensitive
Water-soluble vitamins
Type of Vitamin (Micronutrient); stored in the liver
Fat-soluble vitamins
Water-soluble vitamin; for wound healing, healthy gums, helps resist infection, helps in iron absorption
Vitamin C
Water-soluble vitamin; found in citrus fruits; broccoli; papaya; guava, strawberries, peppers
Vit C
Water-soluble vitamin; Part of an enzyme system that breaks down carbohydrates for energy source
Thiamin (B1)
Water-soluble vitamin; found in meat, whole grain and enriched bread, peanuts and legumes
Thiamin (B1)
Water-soluble vitamin; helps make new cells and get women pregnant
Folate/folic acid
Water-soluble vitamin; found in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, organ meats, beans and nuts
Folate/folic acid
Water-soluble vitamin; helps iron get absorbed in the body
Vit C
Water-soluble vitamin; assists in the breakdown of carbohydrates, protein, and fats for energy
Biotin
Water-soluble vitamin; found in organ meats, eggs, milk, whole grains, legumes
Biotin
Fat-soluble vitamin: Maintains eye health & for
night vision, healthy skin and mucous membranes, against infection
Vit A
Fat-soluble vitamin; Promotes calcium absorption, bone formation
Vit D
Fat-soluble vitamin: Direct exposure to sunlight
activates it in the skin
Vit D
These two fat-soluble vitamins are known to be anti-oxidants
Vit A and E
Fat-soluble vitamin: protects vitamin A and
PUFats from oxidation
Vit E
Fat-soluble vitamin: found in vegetable oils/shortening, butter, whole grains, nuts,
beans
Vit E
Fat-soluble vitamin: Helps blood to clot; necessary for collagen formation
Vit K
Fat-soluble vitamin: produced by bacteria in the
intestines; green leafy
vegetables
Vit K
T or F; Calcium is a vitamin
False (Mineral)
T or F; Iron is a macronutrient
False (Iron is a micronutrient under minerals)
Minerals; this twin two help in bone and teeth health
Calcium and Phosphorus
Minerals; found in milk and milk products; salmon and small fishes; dark green
vegetables, legumes
Calcium
Minerals; Helps blood to clot; stimulates
nerves; helps in muscle contraction; bone and teeth health
Calcium
Minerals; deficiency of this causes easy fatiguability
Ironn (meeeee)
Minerals; found in chicken, meat, fish, internal
organs, legumes, dried fruit, green
vegetables
Iron
Minerals; Form hemoglobin in RBC and
myoglobin in muscle cells, which
transport oxygen in the body
Iron
Minerals; found in milk and milk products; meat, eggs, poultry, nuts, legumes
Phosphorus
Minerals; forms bones and teeth; needed to
make enzymes and new cells;
helps maintain acid-base balance
Phosphorus
Minerals; found in orange juice, banana, dried fruits, potatoes; meat, fish, poultry, whole
grains
Potassium
Twin mineral of Potassium
Sodium
Minerals; considered as the intracellular cation of the body
K (Pota ‘wag mag-assume kasi !!!!)
Minerals; maintains heartbeat, helps muscles contract, stimulates nerves
Potassium
Minerals; found in iodized salt, seafood, and foods grown near the ocean
Iodine
Minerals; part of the thyroid hormone that
control energy production in the body
Iodine
Law that enforced to include iodine in salt
ASIN Law
What does MoVaBa concept stand for?
Moderation
Variety
Balance
What does the S stand for in Moderation?
alam ko walang S sa “Moderation” AKADHDASHKDS
Salty, Sweet, Saturated fats
T or F; in the first 6 months of the baby, s/he should only be breastfed without other food supplements
True (will start only at 6 months)
Ideal dosage of Vit C per day
70 - 75 mg
What does mal in malnutrition mean?
“bad” (adjective) or “badly” (adverb)
Refers to a state of disease caused by sustained deficiency, excess or imbalance of the supply of calories, nutrients or both, that are available for use in the bod
Malnutrition
Form of malnutrition; consumption of inadequate quantity of food over an extended period of time
Undernutrition
What does CED stands for?
Chronic Energy Deficient
Refers to protein-deficient people
Kwashiorkor
CED and Kwashiorkor are manifested in which form of malnutrition
Undernutrition
Refers to low weight-for-height
Wasting
Refers to low height-for-age
Stunting
Refers to low weight-for-age
Underweight
Used s reference for weight and age of kids
CGS (Child Growth Standard)
Wasting, Stunting, and Underweight are manifested in which form of malnutrition
Undernutrition
Form of malnutrition; Refers to having a specific, most usually micronutrient, deficiency; relative or absolute lack of individual nutrients
Specific Deficiency
What does IDA stand for?
Iron Deficiency Anemia
What does VAD stand for?
Vit A Deficiency
IDA and VAD are manifestations of which form of malnutrition?
Specific Deficiency
Refers to having low sodium
Hyponatremia (“Hypo” + “natr” + “emia”)
Refers to having low potassium
Hypokalemia (“Hypo” + “kal” + “emia”)
Form of malnutrition; resulting from consumption of an excessive quantity of food over an extended period of time
Overnutrition
Overweight, obesity, and diet-related noncommunicable diseases are manifestations of which form of manlnutrition
Overnutrition
Form of malnutrition; resulting from disproportion; among essential nutrients with or without absolute deficiency of any nutrient
Imbalance
Hypokalemia and Hyponatremia are manifestations of which form of malnutrition?
Imbalance
Refers to excessive intakes of certain nutrients which cause toxic effects
Toxicity
T or F; Hypervitaminosis A is NOT an example of toxicity
False
Type of malnutrition; related to current state of nutrition; manifested by weight loss, or low weight for age
Acute malnutrition
Type of malnutrition; Related to past state/ long-standing state of nutrition and manifested by stunting or nutritional dwarfism
Chronic Malnutrition
Low heigh for age is manifested in which type of malnutrition?
Chronic malnutrition
T of F; Poverty will never affect the risk for malnutrition
False (it amplifies)
T or F; Malnutrition increases health care costs, reduces productivity, and slows economic growth, which can perpetuate a cycle of poverty and ill-health
True
T of F; Underweight is linked
to more deaths worldwide than
overweight and obesity
False (baliktad)
T or F; The bad news is obesity is not preventable
False (it is preventable)
T or F; Supportive environments and communities are fundamental in shaping people’s choices, by making the
choice of healthier foods and regular physical activity as the hardest choice.
False (should be the easiest choice)
How many minutes a day should children engage in regular physical activity?
60 mins a day
How many minutes should adults engage in regular physical activity?
150 mins a week
Refers to a condition related to the supply of food, and individual’s access to it
Food security
Refers when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to
sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for
and active and healthy life
Food security
Refers to adequate nutritional status in terms of protein, energy, vitamins, and minerals for all
household members at all times
Food security
This is achieved if adequate food (quantity, quality, socio-cultural acceptability) is available and accessible to and satisfactorily used and utilized by all individuals at all times to live a healthy and active life
Food and nutrition security
Refers to limited or uncertain availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods or limited or uncertain ability to acquire acceptable foods in socially acceptable ways
Food insecurity
When it is recurrent, it may lead to hunger..
And when hunger is prolonged, it results to malnutrition
Food insecurity
What are the four pillars/dimensions of food security according to WHO?
- Physical Availability
- Economic and Physical Access to Food
- Food utilization
- Stability
Pillars of Food Security; addresses the “supply side” of food security and is determined by the evel of food production, stock levels and net trade.
Physical avilability
Pillars of Food Security; refers to addressing concerns about insufficient food access resulting to policies which are focused on incomes, expenditures, markets and prices in achieving food security objectives
Economic and Physical Access to Food
Pillars of Food Security; Refers to sufficient energy and nutrient intake by an individual as a result of good care and feeding practices, food preparation, diversity of diet and intra-household food distribution
Food utilization
Pillars of Food Security; Refers to sufficient energy and nutrient intake by an individual as a result of good care and feeding practices, food preparation, diversity of diet and intra-household food distribution
Food utilization
Refers to the assurance/guarantee that food will not cause harm to the consumers when it is prepared and/or eaten according to its intended use
Food safety
Refers to group of illness caused by any infectious (bacteria, viruses and parasites) and non-infectious agents (chemical, animal and plant toxins)
Food and Water-Borne Diseases
Salmonella, Campylobacter and enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli are examples of?
Bacteryuhhh
Outbreaks has its origins from foods like eggs, poultry and other products of animal origin
Salmonellosis
Mainly due to raw milk, raw or undercooked poultry and drinking water
Campylobacter
Associated with unpasteurized milk, undercooked meat and contaminated fresh fruits and vegetables.
Enterohaemorrhagic E. coli
Infections caused by this bacteria can lead to miscarriages in pregnant women or death of newborn babies. It is found in unpasteurized dairy products and various ready-to-eat food
hich can grow at refrigeration temperatures.
Listeria
This bacteria can infect people through contaminated water or food. Symptoms include abdominal pain, vomiting and profuse watery diarrhea which may lead to severe dehydration and possibly death.
Vibrio cholerae
This virus is a common cause of foodborne infections with symptoms of nausea, explosive vomiting, watery diarrhea and abdominal pain.
Norovirus
This virus can also be transmitted by food and may cause a long lasting liver disease. It typically spreads through consumption or raw or undercooked seafood or contaminated raw produce
Hepa A virus
Norovirus and Hepa A virus are examples of?
Viruses
Examples of these include fish-borne trematodes, transmitted through food.
Parasites
Parasites (Tapeworms); may infect through food or direct contact with animals.
Echinococcus spp or Taenia spp
Parasites; enter food chain via water or soil
and can contaminate fresh produce.
Ascaris, Crypstosporidium, Entamoeba histolytica or Giardia,
These are infectious agents composed of protein; it is associated with specific neurodegenerative disease
Prions
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) or mad cow disease is an example of?
Prion disease (in cattles)
Examples of this are mycotoxins, marine biotoxins, cyanogenic glycosides and toxins occurring in poisonous mushrooms. Long term exposure can affect immune system and
may cause cancer.
Naturally occuring toxins
These are compounds that accumulate in the environment and human body. It may cause reproductive and developmental problems, damage the immune system and may interfere with hormone and cause cancer.
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs)
Examples are dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) which are unwanted by-products of industrial processes
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs)
Examples of this are lead, cadmium and mercury may cause neurological and kidney damage. Contamination may occur through pollution of water and soi.
Heavy metals
“All genders are free to pursue whatever career, lifestyle choice and abilities they want without discrimination”
Gender Equality
biological form (male/female); refers to a person’s physical characteristics at birth
Sex
refers to the behavioral, social, economic and cultural attributes and opportunities associated with being male or female
Genders
refers to a person’s internal sense of being male, female, some combination of male or female or neither male or female
Gender identity
physical and behavioral manifestations of one’s gender identity
Gender expression
Means that the rights, opportunities, and access to society are not different based on their gender; their needs and dreams are valued equally
Gender equality
Refers to the process of being fair to both men and women
Gender equity
Gender equality appears to what position in SDG?
5th
SDG Goals __: Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls
5
According to SDG Goal 5, this is a necessary foundation for a peaceful, prosperous and sustainable world
Gender equality
SDG 5 Targets: End all forms of discriminations against all women and girls everywhere
5.1
SDG 5 Targets: Eliminate all forms of violence against all women and girls in the public and private spheres, including trafficking and sexual and other types of exploitation
5.2
SDG 5 Targets: Eliminate all harmful practices, such as child, early and forced marriage and female genital mutilation
5.3
SDG 5 Targets: Recognize and value unpaid care and domestic work through the provision of public services, infrastructure
5.4
SDG 5 Targets: Ensure women’s full and effective participation and equal opportunities for leadership at all levels of decision making in political, economic and public life
5.5
SDG 5 Targets: Ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights as agreed in accordance with the Program of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development and the Beijing Platform for Action and the outcome documents of their review conferences
5.6
SDG 5 Targets: Undertake reforms to give women equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to ownership and control over land and other forms of property, financial services, inheritance and natural resources, in accordance with national laws
5.A
SDG 5 Targets: Enhance the use of enabling technology, in particular information and communications technology, to promote the empowerment of women.
5.B
SDG 5 Targets: Adopt and strengthen sound policies and enforceable legislation for the promotion of gender equality and the empowerment of all women and girls at all levels
5.C
