(P) Lesson 1 (Book-based) Flashcards
“The unexamined life is not worth living”
Socrates
Only by knowing yourself can you hope to improve your life.
Socrates
Refers to the examination of one’s self
Self-knowledge
He believed that you as a person should consciously contemplate, turn your gaze inward and analyze the true nature and values that are guiding your life.
Socrates
Your real self is not even your body
Socrates
Your state of your inner being (soul/self) determines the quality of your life.
Socrates
According to Socrates, this kind of existence changs
Visible
According to Socrates, this kind of existence remains constant
Invisible
The goal of life is to be happy
Socrates
According to Socrates, this alone is the one and only supreme good that will secure his/her happiness
Virtue
This is defined as the moral excellence
Virtue
His philosophical method was what he identified as the “collection and division”; collect generic ideas and divide them
Plato
Plato’s theory that asserted the physical world not being the real world because the ultimate reality exists beyond the physical world
Theory of Forms
He claims that the soul us the mist divine aspect of the human being
Plato
The concept of divine is not a spiritual being but rather one that has an intellectual connotation
Plato
The element that enjoys sensual experiences according to Plato
The appetitive
Element that forbids the person to enjoy sensual experiences; the part that loves truth according to Plato
The rational
The element that is inclined toward reason but understands the demands of passion according to Plato
The spiritual
Gave Theory of Forms a Christian perspective
St. Agustine
Forms were concepts existing within the perfect and eternal God
St. Agustine
Soul held the Truth and was capable of scientific thinking
St. Agustine
The ascension of the soul with his assertion that everything related to the physical world belongs to the physical body
St. Agustine
He emphasized the use of reason to predict and understand natural phenomena based on observational and empirical evidence
Rene Descartes
He’s known for hyperbolical;/metaphysical doubt (methodological skepticism)
Rene Descartes
Being skeptical about the truth of one’s beliefs on order to determine which beliefs could be ascertained as true
Rene Descartes methodological skepticism
There is a thinking entity that is doing the act of doubting
Rene Decartes
Not everything perceived by the senses could be used as proof of existence
Rene Descartes
Self to include the memories of the thinking think
John Locke
Person could only be held accountable for behaviors he/she can remember (ang problematic talaga neto like what if sinaksak kita ta’s nakalimutan ko?)
John Locke
A fierce opponent of Rationalism, one of the three main figureheads of Empiricism with John Locke
David Hume
Idea that the origin of all knowledge is sense experience
Empiricism
Theory that clams that self is a bundle of difference perceptions
Bundle Theory
Self could not be verified through observation; what you know are mere objects of what your senses are experiencing
David Hume
Self is incoherent and only perceived by the senses
David Hume
Should your perception removed at any time, you can no longer sense yourself and you cease to exist
David Hume
Self is transcendental and related to a spiritual and nonphysical realm; self is not in the body, it is outside the body and does not have the qualities of the body (ano raw huhu)
Immanuel Kant
According to Kant, what bridges the self and the material things together?
Knowledge
Two kinds of consciousness
- One’s psychological states in inner sense
- By performing acts of apperception
Immanuel Kant
The mental process by which a person makes sense of an idea by assimilation it to the body of ideas s/he already possesses
Apperception
You percieve the world because there is already an idea residing within you
Immanuel Kant
Proposes the inner self and the outer self
Kant
For him, psyche is the totality of the human mind, both conscious and unconscious
Freud
Theory that individual gets motivated by unseen forces, controlled by the conscious and rational thought
Psychoanalytic Theory
Superego’s system; the ego gives in to the id’s demand, and superego may make the person feel bad through guilt (ansama pala ng ugali ng superego)
Conscience
Superego’s system; an imaginary picture of how you ought to be
Ideal self
His field, ordinary language philosophy, asserts that problems and false assumptions develop as we distort meanings of words
Gilbert Ryle
His Concept of Mind rejected that mental states are separable from physical states; “category mistake” (who r u 2 call it a mistake, napaka-entitled eme )
Gilbert Ryle
➢ The relation between mind and body are not
isolated processes.
➢ Mental processes are intelligent acts, and are
not distinct from each other.
➢ The operation of the mind is itself an intelligent
act
Gilbert Ryle
The rationalist view that mental acts are distinct from physical acts and that there is a mental world distinct from the physical world is a misconception
Gilbert Ryle
Believed that the concept of a distinct “self” is not real and it is from our behaviors and actions that we get our sense of self
Gilbert Ryle
Your actions define your own concept of self
Gilbert Ryle
The immaterial, unchanging soul/self does not exist because it cannot be experienced by the senses
Paul Churchland
Certain classes of mental states which most people believe in do not exist (problematic momints)
Paul Churchland
Self is an embodied subjectivity (give body to a subject)
Maurice Ponty
is something that exists, can take action, and can cause real effects (on an object) according to Ponty
Subject
is something that exists, can take action, and can cause real effects (on an object) according to Ponty
Subject
Rejected the Cartesian mind-body dualism and
insisted that the mind and body are intrinsically
connected.
Ponty
Argued that the body is part of the mind, and the mind is part of the body (ANO RAW)
Ponty
According to him:
* Soul is immortal
* The care of the soul is the task of philosophy
* Virtue is necessary to attain happiness
Socrates
According to him:
The self/soul
* Can be aware of itself
* Recognizes itself as a holistic one
* Aware of its unity
St. Agustine
According to him:
* Self is constant; not prone to change and not affected by time
* Immaterial soul remains the same throughout time
* The immaterial soul is the source of our identity
Rene Descartes
We do not describe the world we see, we see the world we can describe
Descartes
According to him, there are two knds of consciousness of self (rationality)
1. One’s physcho states in inner sense
2. By performing acts of apperception
Immanuel Kant
Morality is not properly the doctrine of how we may make ourselves happy, but how we may make ourselves worthy of happiness eyy
Kant
According to him, self organizes information in three ways:
1. Raw perceptual input
2. Recognizing the concept
3. Reproducing in the imagination
Kant
