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Clinical Chemistry (CC 1) > (P) Lec 3: Basic Principles and Practices in CC (Part 2) > Flashcards

(P) Lec 3: Basic Principles and Practices in CC (Part 2) Flashcards

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1
Q

Clinical Laboratory Supplies

The predominant practice for temperature measurement uses what scale?

A

Celsius (although ºF and K are also used)

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2
Q

Clinical Laboratory Supplies

What is the formula to convert ºC to ºF?

A

ºC x (1.8) + 32

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3
Q

Clinical Laboratory Supplies

What is the formula to convert ºF to ºC?

A

(ºF - 32)/ 1.8

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4
Q

Clinical Laboratory Supplies

What is the SI unit for temperature?

A

Kelvin

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5
Q

Types of Thermometers

These use a colored liquid encased in plastic or glass which should reveal a continuous line of liquid that is free from separation or bubbles

A

Liquid-in-glass Thermometers

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6
Q

Types of Thermometers

What is temperature range for Liquid-in-glass Thermometers?

A

20-400ºC

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7
Q

Types of Thermometers

This has a faster response time than the liquid-in-glass thermometer (a few seconds)

A

Electronic Thermometer (Thermistor)

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8
Q

Types of Thermometers

Electronic thermometers can be calibrated by what? (2 answers)

A
  1. NIST-certified traceable thermometer
  2. Galium
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9
Q

Glasswares

Glass should be ideal for what pH solutions?

A

Acidic

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10
Q

Glasswares

Glass should be resistant to what 2 factors?

A

Thermal and Corrosion

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11
Q

Glasswares

The Class A or Class B criteria are given by what organization?

A

American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)

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12
Q

Glasswares

Those that satisfy Class A ASTM precision criteria are stamped with what letter?

A

A (preferred for lab applications)

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13
Q

Glasswares

These generally have twice the tolerance limits of the other class

A

Class B (found in student labs where durability is needed)

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14
Q

Glasswares (Types)

This contains boron oxide and is free from the magnesia-lime zinc group of elements (low alkali content); it resists heat, corrosion, and thermal shock

The most common are Pyrex and Kimax

A

High Thermal Resistant Glass (Borosilicate)

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15
Q

Glasswares (Types)

High Thermal Resistant Glass (Borosilicate) is highly susceptible to what pH?

A

Alkaline

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16
Q

Glasswares (Types)

This is aka alkali-resistant glassware and is 6x stronger than borosilicate glass

It is ideal for higher temperature thermometers, graduated cylinders, and centrifuge tubes

The most common are Corex and Vycor

A

Aluminosilicate

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17
Q

Glasswares (Types)

TOF: Aluminosilicate is thermal-resistant but alkali-susceptible

A

False (both resistant)

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18
Q

Glasswares (Types)

This has a 96% silica content comparable to fused quartz, is radiation-resistant, ideal for high precision analytical work, and useful for optical reflectors and mirrors

A

High Silica Glass

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19
Q

Glasswares (Types)

This glass type is used when the nature of your procedure involves light transmission (e.g. spectrophotometer cuvettes)

A

High Silica Glass

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20
Q

Glasswares (Types)

Is amber or rose-colored to reduce the amount of light passing through the substance within; a highly protective glassware for heat-labile substances in the 300-500nm range (e.g. bilirubin, carotene, and vitamin A)

A

Low Actinic Glass

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21
Q

Glasswares (Types)

These are sodalime glasses composed of Si, Ca, and Na; are poorly resistant to high and sudden temperature changes (easily melts) and are used as reagent bottles and disposable lab glassware (e.g. petri dishes)

A

Standard Flint Glass

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22
Q

Glasswares (Types)

TOF: Standard flint glass is expensive

A

False (lowest in cost and readily fabricated)

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23
Q

Glasswares (Types)

TOF: Standard flint glasses release acids into pipetted liquids

A

False (alkali)

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24
Q

Glasswares (Types)

These are considered “soft glass” which have high resistance to alkaline solutions but is overshadowed by borosilicate glass when talking about thermal condition

A

Boron-free glass

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25
Q

Plasticware

TOF: Plastics can be autoclaved

A

True (some of them can)

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26
Q

Volumetric Glassware

This flask is calibrated to hold one exact volume of liquid (to contain); it is frequently used for the preparation of standard solutions

Has a round lower portion with a flat bottom and thin neck with an etched marking

A

Volumetric Flask

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27
Q

Volumetric Glassware

These are designed to hold different volumes rather than one exact amount

A

Erlenmeyer Flasks (wide bottom with short neck) and Griffin Beakers (flat bottom and an opening as wide as the base)

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28
Q

Volumetric Glassware

These have calibration marks along its length and is used to measure volumes of liquids; sizes in mL include 10, 25, 50, 100, 500, 1k, and 2k

A

Graduated Cylinders (held up by an octagonal base)

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29
Q

Volumetric Glassware

TOF: Erlenmeyer flasks and Griffin beakers are preferred for measuring precise volumes

A

False (graduated cylinder)

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30
Q

This is used in quantitative chemical analysis to measure the volume of a liquid especially when titrating; it has a graduated glass tube with a stopcock at the end

A

Biuret/Buret

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31
Q

These are used to transfer liquids from one container to another

A

Pipettes

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32
Q

Pipettes (acc. to calibration)

It holds a particular volume but does not dispense the exact volume

A

To Contain (TC)

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33
Q

Pipettes (acc. to calibration)

It delivers the exact amount of volume it holds to a container

A

To Deliver (TD)

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34
Q

Pipettes (acc. to drainage characteristics)

The exact volume is obtained when the last drop is blown out with an aspirator; it has an etched double ring at the top

A

Blow Out

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35
Q

Pipettes (acc. to drainage characteristics)

The liquid is allowed to drain by gravity only without forcing out the last drop; has no etched double ring on the top

A

Self-Draining

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36
Q

Pipettes (type)

Plain and narrow drawn out to a tip; it is graduated uniformly along its length

A

Graduated/Measuring Pipets

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37
Q

Pipettes (type)

What are the 2 kinds of Graduated/Measuring pipettes?

A

Mohr and Serological

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38
Q

Pipettes (type)

This is calibrated between 2 marks on the stem; it does not have graduations up to the tip and is self-draining

A

Mohr Pipette

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39
Q

Pipettes (type)

This is intended for the delivery of predetermined volumes as it has graduations up to the tip and is generally a blow-out pipette

A

Serological Pipette

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40
Q

Pipettes (type)

TOF: Serological pipettes have larger orifices than Mohr pipettes and thus they drain slower

A

False (faster)

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41
Q

Pipettes (type)

TOF: Serological pipettes are not recommended for viscous samples

A

True

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42
Q

Pipettes (type)

This has a total holding volume of less than 1mL only (can be Mohr or Serological); is calibrated down to the tip

A

Micropipette

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43
Q

Pipettes (type)

These are designed to dispense one volume without further subdivisions (no graduations)

A

Transfer Pipettes

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44
Q

Pipettes (type)

This is designed to deliver a fixed volume of liquid; has a cylindrical bulb joined at both ends to a narrower glass tubing

A

Volumetric Pipette

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45
Q

Pipettes (type)

TOF: The volumetric pipette is designed to dispense or transfer viscous solutions

A

False (aqueous; Ostwald-Folin is for viscous)

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46
Q

Pipettes (type)

TOF: The volumetric pipette is always self-draining

A

True

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47
Q

Pipettes (type)

This has the greatest degree of accuracy and precision and is used to dilute standards, calibrators, or quality control material

A

Volumetric Pipette

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48
Q

Pipettes (type)

These have their bulbs closer to their delivery tips; used for viscous fluids (e.g. blood and serum) and has an etched ring which signifies that it is a blow out pipette

A

Ostwald-Folin Pipette

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49
Q

Pipettes (type)

It may or may not have calibration marks as it is used to transfer fluids without considering a specific volume

A

Disposable Transfer Pipettes

50
Q

Pipettes (type)

These have increased precision, safety, stability, and maintenance as the pipette tips are disposable

A

Automatic Pipettes

51
Q

Pipettes (type)

This has a piston for suction in drawing samples

A

Air Displacement Pipettes

52
Q

Pipettes (type)

This has a moving piston in the pipette tip or barrel (like a hypodermic needle)

A

Positive Displacement Pipettes

53
Q

Pipettes (type)

This obtains liquid from a common reservoir and dispenses it repeatedly

A

Dispenser/Dilution Pipettes

54
Q

Pipettes (type)

Pipettes are calibrated using what 2 methods?

A

Gravimetry or Photometry

55
Q

Pipettes

What kind of fluid warrants reading the lower meniscus?

A

Colorless/Clear Fluid

56
Q

Pipettes

What kind of fluid warrants reading the upper meniscus?

A

Colored/Viscous Fluid

57
Q

These are used to transfer small volumes in BGA or in separation techniques such as chromatography or electrophoresis; is made of glass and has fine barrels

A

Syringes

58
Q

These prevent chemicals from becoming hydrated (absorption by chemicals, gases, and instrument components) and is most effective when placed in a closed, airtight chamber called a dessicator

A

Dessicant

59
Q

The compound and associated water of dessicators is called?

A

A hydrate

60
Q

Balance

This is accurate to 0.5 grams and is used to weigh fairly large amounts when accuracy is not essential

A

Trip Balance

61
Q

Balance

This is accurate to about 0.01 grams and is used in weighing amounts up to 100 grams

A

Torsion Balance

62
Q

Balance

Very elaborate, accurate, and the most costly

Has a single pan behind sliding doors and is for the preparation of any primary standard (around 0.01-160 mg)

A

Analytical Balance

63
Q

Balance

This uses an EM force to counterbalance the weighed sample’s mass and has a fast response time

A

Electronic Balance

64
Q

Electronic Balance Class (1, 2, or 3)

0.01 to 1 mg

A

Class 1

65
Q

Electronic Balance Class (1, 2, or 3)

0.001 to 0.01 g

A

Class 2

66
Q

Electronic Balance Class (1, 2, or 3)

0.01 to 0.1 grams

A

Class 3

67
Q

Basic Separation Techniques

This separates solids from a liquid suspension by means of circular force; it has a head, rotor, carrier, and shields

A

Centrifugation

68
Q

Basic Separation Techniques

This kind of centrifuge is removable

A

Swinging Bucket Type

69
Q

Basic Separation Techniques

This centrifuge spins at faster speeds than common centrifuges

A

Ultracentrifuge

70
Q

Centrifuge

This is obtained by using a nomogram

A

Relative Centrifugal Force

71
Q

Centrifuge

Give the formula for the Relative Centrifugal Force

A

(1.118 x 10 ^-5)(r in cm)(rpm^2)

72
Q

Centrifuge

TOF: Centrifuges cannot separate 2 immiscible liquids

A

False (they can)

73
Q

TOF: Centrifuges can expel air bubbles

A

True

74
Q

Centrifuge

The centrifugal speed is checked using what instrument?

A

Tachometer/Strobe Light

75
Q

Basic Separation Techniques

This makes use of a semi-permeable membrane (dialysing cellulose) that allows the separation of molecules using their size

A

Dialysis

76
Q

Basic Separation Techniques

In dialysis, which molecules are retained within one side of a membrane and which are diffused out of it?

A

Larger and smaller, respectively

77
Q

Dialysis

The fluid that passes through the membrane

A

Dialysate

78
Q

Dialysis

Substances that weren’t able to penetrate the membrane

A

Repentate

79
Q

Basic Separation Techniques

The separation of solids from liquids; made out of paper, cellulose, polyester fibers, and glass + should not be used on strong acids and bases

A

Filtration

80
Q

Basic Separation Techniques

The liquid that passes through the filter paper is called as what?

A

Filtrate

81
Q

Basic Separation Techniques

Aka freeze drying; the solvent (usually water) is frozen and removed by sublimation in a vacuum environment

A

Lyophilization (powdered form)

82
Q

Basic Separation Techniques

Separation of compounds based on their relative solubilities in 2 different immiscible liquids or solid matter compound

A

Extraction

83
Q

Basic Separation Techniques

Lyophilization extends what?

A

The reagent’s shelf life (to make it more convenient for transport)

84
Q

Lab Safety and Waste Disposal

This is a federal law that mandates safe working conditions for workers

A

Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (OSHA)

85
Q

Lab Safety and Waste Disposal

This OSHA program deals with occupational exposure to hazardous chemicals and hazard communication

A

Standard 29

86
Q

Lab Safety and Waste Disposal

These are a set of infection control practices meant to reduce the risk of transmission of blood-borne and other pathogens

A

Standard Precautions

87
Q

Lab Safety and Waste Disposal

These exhaust vapors and aerosols from the lab to outside

A

Fume Hood

88
Q

Lab Safety and Waste Disposal

This protects the personnel, product, and environment (exhausts decontaminated air)

A

Biological Safety Cabinet

89
Q

Chain of Infection

The location of the potentially harmful organism

A

Source

90
Q

Chain of Infection

How microorganisms are transferred to the host

A

Transmission

91
Q

Chain of Infection

This eventually becomes another source for disease transmission

A

Host

92
Q

A process of inactivating or reducing contaminants to an acceptable level

A

Decontamination

93
Q

Types of Hazards

Workplace hazards that can affect the body (e.g. frayed electrical cords, vibrations, spills, noise, etc.)

A

Physical Hazards

94
Q

Types of Hazards

Biological substances that pose a threat to organisms (caused by microorganisms)

A

Biological Hazards

95
Q

Types of Hazards

Includes lancets, needles, and broken glassware

A

Sharp Hazards

96
Q

Types of Hazards

In cases of spills, you need to flush the affected area for at least 15 minutes in running water before seeking medical attention

A

Chemical Hazards

97
Q

A list of all safety information created by the manufacturer for each laboratory reagent (biological/chemical)

A

Safety Data Sheet

98
Q

Storage and Handling of Chemicals

Flammable/combustible chemicals are to be stored according to?

A

Flashpoint (temperature at which vapor is given off to ignite the air)

99
Q

Storage and Handling of Chemicals

Corrosive chemicals are to be stored according to?

A

Ability to cause injury to eyes/skin

100
Q

Storage and Handling of Chemicals

Reactive chemicals are to be stored according to?

A

Their ability to react violently

101
Q

Types of Hazards

These are encountered when procedures using radioisotopes are performed

A

Radioactive Hazards

102
Q

Types of Hazards

Refers to physical harm from shocks or burns generated by malfunctioning wiring or equipment

A

Electrical Hazards

103
Q

Types of Hazards

What 2 acronyms are applicable for fire/explosive hazards?

A

RACE (rescue, alarm, contain, extinguish) and PASS (pull, aim, squeeze, sweep)

104
Q

Types of Hazards (extinguisher class)

Fire type: Common materials
Extinguisher: Water

A

A

105
Q

Types of Hazards (extinguisher class)

Fire type: Flammable organic chemicals
Extinguisher: Dry chemical, CO2, foam, and halon

A

B

106
Q

Types of Hazards (extinguisher class)

Fire type: Electrical
Extinguisher: Dry chemical, CO2, and halon

A

C

107
Q

Types of Hazards (extinguisher class)

Fire type: Combustible chemicals/metals, magnesium, potassium, and titanium
Extinguisher: Sand or dry powder

A

D

108
Q

Types of Hazards (extinguisher class)

Fire type: Grease oils and fats
Extinguisher: Liquids designed to prevent splashing and to cool the fire

A

K

109
Q

Types of Hazards

Repetitive tasks that can put stress on the body causing musculoskeletal and/or nervous system injury

A

Ergonomic Hazards

110
Q

Disposal of Hazardous Materials

The safe handling and disposal of wastes is the responsibility of whom?

A

The generators

111
Q

Disposal of Hazardous Materials

Give the type of chemical

Type of disposal: Flushing
Considerations: Strong acids must be neutralized first before draining

A

Water-soluble

112
Q

Disposal of Hazardous Materials

Give the type of chemical

Type of disposal: Containers or incineration
Considerations: Explosives are converted to a less hazardous form

A

Flammable/Explosive

113
Q

Disposal of Hazardous Materials

Give the type of chemical

Type of disposal: Landfill burial
Considerations: Environmental concern and decreasing safe spots for burials

A

Solid

114
Q

Disposal of Hazardous Materials

Special wastes from healthcare facilities that if improperly handled, may transmit diseases

A

Medical Waste

115
Q

Waste Management: Disposal Bag

For general waste/non-infectious dry waste

A

Black

116
Q

Waste Management: Disposal Bag

Leftover food/non-infectious wet waste

A

Green

117
Q

Waste Management: Disposal Bag

Infectious and pathological waste

A

Yellow

118
Q

Waste Management: Disposal Bag

Chemical, pharmaceutical, and heavy metal waste

A

Yellow with black band

119
Q

Waste Management: Disposal Bag

Radioactive waste

A

Orange

120
Q

Waste Management: Disposal Bag

Sharp collectors and pressurized containers

A

Red

Clinical Chemistry (CC 1) (22 decks)

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